A Dictionary of the Art of Printing
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A Dictionary of the Art of Printing
This page will be the type-in site for all pages about non-Roman typefaces. I’ve also put part of the post-processing notes here to avoid cluttering the Project Comments.
Abbreviations-Furniture: proj_post_first_checked_out
Gaelic-Overseer: project_delete
Page Cord-Work: project_delete
Contents of the Book
The book itself has neither an Index (whew!) nor a Table of Contents. For people who like to pace themselves, or just want to know what's coming up, I've put a TOC on a separate page.
Non-Roman Scripts and Symbols
Some parts of this list have been moved to sub-pages to keep download time under control.
Arabic
See the /Arabic and Related Scripts sub-page.
Armenian
These are the lower-case letters of the modern Armenian alphabet.
| Names | Figures | Powers | Number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aip | ա | A. | 1. |
| Pien | բ | P. | 2. |
| Chiem | գ | Ch. | 3. |
| Ta | դ | T. | 4. |
| Jeg | ե | Je. | 5. |
| Ssa | զ | Ss. | 6. |
| E | է | E. | 7. |
| Jet | ը | Je. | 8. |
| Tho | թ | Th. | 9. |
| Sgie | ժ | Sg. | 40. |
| Ini | ի | I. | 20. |
| Liun | լ | L. | 30. |
| Hhe | խ | Hh. | 40. |
| Za | ծ | Z. | 50. |
| Ghien | կ | Gh. | 60. |
| Ho | հ | H. | 70. |
| Zza | ձ | Zz. | 80. |
| Kat | ղ | K. | 90. |
| Ge | ճ | G. | 100. |
| Mien | մ | M. | 200. |
| I | յ | I. | 300. |
| Nu | ն | N. | 400. |
| Scia | շ | Sc. | 500. |
| Vua | ո | V. | 600. |
| Ccia | չ | Cc. | 700. |
| Be | պ | B. | 800. |
| Gge | ջ | Gg. | 900. |
| Rra | ռ | Rr. | 1000. |
| Se | ս | S. | 2000. |
| Vieu | վ | V. | 3000. |
| Diun | տ | D. | 4000. |
| Ere | ր | R. | 5000. |
| Zzo | ց | Zz. | 6000. |
| Hinu | ւ | V. | 7000. |
| Ppiur | փ | Pp. | 8000. |
| Che | ք | Ch. | 9000. |
| Ieu | օ | Eu. | |
| Fe | ֆ | F. | 10,000. |
Letters Which Bear An Affinity To Each Other.
| ա | a | ......... | տ | d. |
| գ | ch | ......... | դ | t. |
| ե | je | ......... | է | e. |
| զ | ss | ......... | ղ | k. |
| ը | je | ......... | ր | r. |
| ժ | sg | ......... | ծ | z. |
| ի | i | ......... | խ | hh. |
| լ | l | շ sc | չ | cc. |
| ձ | zz | ......... | ն | n. |
| ռ | rr | ս s | ո | u. |
Astronomical Characters
Zodiac
| ♈ | Aries. |
| ♉ | Taurus. |
| ♊ | Gemini. |
| ♋ | Cancer. |
| ♌ | Leo. |
| ♍ | Virgo. |
| ♎ | Libra. |
| ♏ | Scorpio. |
| ♐ | Sagittarius. |
| ♑ | Capricorn. |
| ♒ | Aquarius. |
| ♓ | Pisces. |
Planets
| [Sun] | The Sun. |
| ♄ | Saturn. |
| ♃ | Jupiter. |
| ♂ | Mars. |
| ♁ | Earth. |
| ♀ | Venus. |
| ☿ | Mercury. |
| ☽ | The Moon. |
| ☊ | Dragon's Head. |
| ☋ | Dragon's Tail. |
Planets discovered since 1780.
| ♅ | Uranus. |
| [symbol] | Ceres. |
| [symbol] | Pallas. |
| [symbol] | Juno. |
| [symbol] | Vesta. |
The Character of the Aspects.
| [Conjunction] | Conjunction. |
| [Sextile] | Sextile. |
| [Opposition] | Opposition. |
| [delta] | Trine, |
| [symbol] | Quartile. |
Phases of the Moon
| [symbol] | Denotes a New Moon. |
| ☽ | First Quarter of the Moon. |
| [symbol] | The Full Moon. |
| ☾ | Last Quarter of the Moon. |
Bengalese
See /Indian Scripts sub-page.
Coptic
| Names | Coptic | Greek | Sounds | Number. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha | Ⲁ ⲁ | Α α | a | 1. |
| Beta | Ⲃ ⲃ | Β β | b | 2. |
| Gamma | Ⲅ ⲅ | Γ γ | g | 3. |
| Delta | Ⲇ ⲇ | Δ δ | d | 4. |
| Ei | Ⲉ ⲉ | Ε ε | e short. | 5. |
| So | Ⲋ ⲋ | ς | ς | 6. |
| Zeta | Ⲍ ⲍ | Ζ ζ | z | 7. |
| Heta | Ⲏ ⲏ | Η η | e long. | 8. |
| Theta | Ⲑ ⲑ | Θ θ | th | 9. |
| Iota | Ⲓ ⲓ | Ι ι | i | 10. |
| Kappa | Ⲕ ⲕ | Κ κ | k | 20. |
| Lauda | Ⲗ ⲗ | Λ λ | l | 30. |
| Mi | Ⲙ ⲙ | Μ μ | m | 40. |
| Ni | Ⲛ ⲛ | Ν ν | n | 50. |
| Xi | Ⲝ ⲝ | Ξ ξ | x | 60. |
| Ou | Ⲟ ⲟ | Ο ο | o short. | 70. |
| Pi | Ⲡ ⲡ | Π π | p | 80. |
| Ro | Ⲣ ⲣ | Ρ ρ | r | 100. |
| Sima | Ⲥ ⲥ | Σ σ ς | s | 200. |
| Tau | Ⲧ ⲧ | Τ τ | t | 300. |
| Hu | Ⲩ ⲩ | Υ υ | u | 400. |
| Phi | Ⲫ ⲫ | Φ φ | ph | 500. |
| Chi | Ⲭ ⲭ | Χ χ | ch | 600. |
| Psi | Ⲯ ⲯ | Ψ ψ | ps | 700. |
| Ou | Ⲱ ⲱ | Ω ω | o long. | 800. |
| Shei | Ϣ ϣ | sh | 900. | |
| Fei | Ϥ ϥ | f | 90. | |
| Hei | Ϧ ϧ | kh | ||
| Hori | Ϩ ϩ | h | ||
| Gangia | Ϫ ϫ | g | ||
| Sima | Ϭ ϭ | sh | ||
| Tei | Ϯ ϯ | ti, di, or th |
Danish
Danish (and German, below) use Fraktur and will have to be shown as images. Incidentally, the business about ø vs. ö is almost certainly baloney; they are the same letter.
Ethiopic
See /Hebrew Script sub-page.
Etruscan
Using unicode "old Italic" block
| [#]. | M. or 𐌑 s |
| 𐌍. | N. |
| 𐌐. | P. |
| [#]. 𐌓. | R. |
| 𐌔. | S. |
| [#]. | T. |
| 𐌀. | A. |
| 𐌄. | E. |
| [#]. | F. or 𐌅 v |
| 𐌇. | H. |
| 𐌉. | I. |
| 𐌂. | K. |
| 𐌋. | L. |
... complex characters [#], [#], [#], and [#].
German
German (and Danish, above) use Fraktur and will have to be shown as images.
Gothic
[** The 𐌹̈ does not have a Unicode code point. It must be constructed with the 𐌹 and the Unicode combining diacritic]
The Mœso-Gothic Alphabet
| Form. | Sound. |
|---|---|
| 𐌰 | A |
| 𐌱 | B |
| 𐌲 | G |
| 𐌳 | D |
| 𐌴 | E |
| 𐍆 | F |
| 𐌾 | G or J |
| 𐌷 | H |
| 𐌹̈ or 𐌹 | I |
| 𐌺 | K |
| 𐌻 | L |
| 𐌼 | M |
| 𐌽 | N |
| 𐍉 | O |
| 𐍀 | P |
| 𐍈 | HW |
| 𐍂 | R |
| 𐍃 | S |
| 𐍄 | T |
| 𐌸 | TH |
| 𐌿 | U |
| 𐌵 | CW |
| 𐍅 | W |
| 𐍇 | CH |
| 𐌶 | Z |
Greek
| Figure | Name | Power |
|---|---|---|
| Α α | Alpha | a |
| Β β | Beta | b |
| Γ γ | Gamma | g |
| Δ δ | Delta | d |
| Ε ε | Epsilon | e short |
| Ζ ζ | Zeta | z |
| Η η | Eta | e long |
| Θ θ | Theta | th |
| Ι ι | Iota | i |
| Κ κ | Kappa | k or c |
| Λ λ | Lambda | I |
| Μ μ | Mu | m |
| Ν ν | Nu | n |
| Ξ ξ | Nu | x |
| Ο ο | Omicron | o short |
| Π π | Nu | p |
| Ρ ρ | Rho | r |
| Σ Ϲ σ ς [1] | Sigma | s |
| Τ τ | Tau | t |
| Υ υ | Upsilon | u |
| Φ φ | Phi | ph |
| Χ χ | Chi | ch |
| Ψ ψ | Psi | ps |
| Ω ω | Omega | o long |
1 Ϲ initial; σ, middle; ς, final.
Six proper--αι, αυ, ει, ευ, οι, ου; and
Six improper--ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ, ηυ, υι, ωυ. The dot below signifies that ι is subscribed.
... acute, [Greek: oxus], figured thus (´) grave, [Greek: barus], shaped thus (`) and the circumflex, [Greek: perispômenos]
... thus ([#]) ... thus ([#]) ... s drawn crossway (῀)
... asper (᾽) ... lenis (῾)
The apostrophe ('), marked at the head of a letter in the end of a word denotes that the vowels [#], [#], [#], or [#], and sometimes the diphthongs [##] or [##] are cut off, the next word beginning with a vowel.
᾽ Lenis. ῎ Lenis acute. ῀ Circumflex. ¨ Diæresis.
῾ Asper. ῍ Lenis grave. ῏ Circumflex lenis. ΅ Diæresis acute.
´ Acute. ῞ Asper acute. ῟ Circumflex asper. ῭ Diæresis grave.
` Grave. ῝ Asper grave.
Points.--A colon in Greek is a point at the head of a letter; as (‧)
An interrogation is a Latin semicolon; as (;)
α’ 1 ι’ 10 ρ’ 100 ‚α 1000
β’ 2 κ’ 20 σ’ 200 ‚β 2000
γ’ 3 λ’ 30 τ’ 300 ‚γ 3000
δ’ 4 μ’ 40 υ’ 400 ‚δ 4000
ε’ 5 ν’ 50 φ’ 500 ‚ε 5000
ϛ’ 6 ξ’ 60 χ’ 600 ‚ι 10,000
ζ’ 7 ο’ 70 ψ’ 700 ‚κ 20,000
η’ 8 ϖ’ 80 ω’ 800 ‚ρ 100,000
θ’ 9 ϟ’ 90 ϡ’ 900 ‚σ 200,000
Hebrew
See /Hebrew Script sub-page.
Irish
| Order. | Figure. | Name. |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | B [#] | Boibel |
| 2. | L [#] | Loth |
| 3. | F [#] | Forann |
| 4. | S [#] | Salia |
| 5. | N [#] | Nabgadon |
| 6. | H [#] | Uiria |
| 7. | D [#] | Daib'iot' |
| 8. | T [#] | Talmon |
| 9. | C [#] | Cavi |
| 10. | Q [#] | Cailep |
| 11. | M [#] | Moiria |
| 12. | G [#] | Gath |
| 13. | Ng [##] | Ngoimer |
| 14. | Z [##] | Sdru |
| 15. | R [#] | Ruiben |
| 16. | A [#] | Acab |
| 17. | O [#] | Ose |
| 18. | U [##] | Ura |
| 19. | E [#] | Esu |
| 20. | I [#] | Jaichim |
| 21. | Eu [##] | Eutrosius |
| 22. | Oi [##] | Oirdionors |
| 23. | Ui [##] | Uimealcus |
| 24. | Io [##] | Iodonius |
| 25. | Ao [##] | Aofraim |
| Order. | Figure. | Name. | From Trees. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | B [#] | Beith | a birch tree |
| 2. | L [#] | Luis | a quicken tree |
| 3. | F [#] | Fearn | an alder |
| 4. | S [#] | Sail | a willow |
| 5. | N [#] | Nion | an ash tree |
| 6. | H [#] | Uath | a white thorn |
| 7. | D [#] | Duir | an oak |
| 8. | T [#] | Tinne | not expounded |
| 9. | C [#] | Coll | an hazel tree |
| 10. | Q [#] | Queirt | an apple tree |
| 11. | M [#] | Muin | a vine |
| 12. | G [#] | Gort | ivy |
| 13. | Ng [##] | Ngedal | a reed |
| 14. | P [#] | Pethpoc | not expounded |
| 15. | Z [##] | Ztraif | a black thorn |
| 16. | R [#] | Ruis | an elder tree |
| 17. | A [#] | Ailm | the fir tree |
| 18. | O [#] | Onn | broom or furze |
| 19. | U [##] | Ur | heath |
| 20. | E [#] | Eadhadh | an aspen tree |
| 21. | I [#] | Idho | the yew tree |
| 22. | Ea [#] | Eabhaah | an aspen tree |
| 23. | Oi [#] | Oir | the spine tree |
| 24. | Y [#] | Uillean | the honeysuckle |
| 25. | Io [##] | Iphin | the gooseberry tree |
| 26. | Ae [##] [#] | Amhancoll | not expounded |
The Modern Alphabet.
| Figure. | Name. | Pronunciation. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [#] [#] | A a | Ailm | aw | the fir-tree |
| [#] [#] | B b | Beit | beh | the birch-tree |
| [#] [#] | C c | Coll | k | the hazel-tree |
| [#] [#] | D d | Duir | deh | the oak-tree |
| [#] [#] | E e | Eada | e French | the aspen-tree |
| [#] [#] | F f | Fearn | f | the alder-tree |
| [#] [#] | G g | Gort | γ gamma, Gr. | the ivy-plant |
| [#] [#] | I i | Ioga | i French | the yew-tree |
| [#] [#] | L l | Luir | l | the quickset-tree |
| [#] [#] | M m | Muin | m | the vine-plant |
| [#] [#] | N n | Nuin | n | the ash-tree |
| [#] [#] | O o | Oir | o | the broom-tree |
| [#] [#] | P p | Peit | peh | the dwarf-elder |
| [#] [#] | R r | Ruis | r | the elder-tree |
| [#] [#] | S s | Suil | sh | the willow-tree |
| [#] [#] | T t | Teine | teh | the furze-shrub |
| [#] [#] | U u | Ur | oo English | the heath-shrub |
| [#] [#] | H h | Uat | h | the white-thorn |
In addition to the above eighteen letters, the ancients used the following in their alphabet:--
| [#] | ceirt | the apple-tree | |
| [##] | Zz | straif | the black-thorn |
| [##] | Ng | ngiadal | the reed-stalk |
| [##] | Ea | eabad | the aspen-tree |
| [##] | Io | iphin | the gooseberry-tree |
| [##] | Oi | oir | the spindle-tree |
| [#] | Y | uillean | the honeysuckle |
| [##] | Ao | amancoll | from amhuinn, a river and... |
Table of Mutable Consonants and of Eclipses
| [#] [#] | u |
| [#] [#] | w, v |
| [#] [#] | ch |
| [#] [#] | gh |
| [#] [#] | h } |
| [#] [#] | h } |
| [#] [#] | h } |
| [#] [#] | f |
| [#] [#] | y |
| [#] | u } in fine. |
| [##] | u } |
| [###] | u } |
| [##] | u } |
| [##] | u } |
| [##] | u } |
| [##] | u } |
| [##] | u } |
| [##] | íh } in fine. |
| [##] | íh } |
| [##] | íh } |
| [###] | íh } |
| [##] | íh } |
| [##] | ee |
| [##] | ee |
| [##] | v |
| [##] | v |
| [##] | b |
| [##] | d |
| [##] | d |
| [##] | g |
| [##] | g |
| [##] | ll |
| [##] | m |
| [##] | m |
| [##] | n |
| [##] | t |
| [##] | g |
| [##] | b |
| [##] | d |
Table of Contractions.
| [#] | æ |
| [#] | an |
| [#] | ar |
| [#] | air |
| [#] | áo |
| [#] | agus |
| [#] | chd |
| [#] | ea |
| [#] | ea |
| [#] | go, gan |
| [#] | gur |
| [#] | na |
| [#] | nn |
| [###] | rr |
| [##] | si |
| [#] | tra |
| [#] | ui |
| [#] | eadh |
| [##] | eadhon |
| [##] | &c. |
Malay
See the /Arabic and Related Scripts sub-page.
Persian
See the /Arabic and Related Scripts sub-page.
Russian
[** important note: Cyrillic, particularly as in Russian, has had reforms multiple times (orthographical or otherwise), before and after this book's publication. Among the changes affecting the text here is that preferred form of letters has changed somewhat: the form of el (Л) in the typeface in this book looks more triangular, and the lower-case ta (т) looks like an upside-down sha (ш); neither of these can be represented with Unicode alone. Of note, the i desyaterichnoye (і), fita (ѳ), yat' (ѣ), izhitsa (ѵ) were eliminated in 1918 reforms (though unofficial use has been supported by some revivalists in the post-Soviet era). The i kratkoye (й) was not officially a separate letter until the 1930s, and is therefore not in this list.]
| [А] [а] | ah, | ex. [ба́ба], an old woman, baba. |
| [Б] [б] | bā, | [ба́бочка], a butterfly, babotchka. |
| [В] [в] | vā, | [вода́], water, voda. |
| [Г] [г] | gā, | [годъ], a year, goad. |
| [Д] [д] | dā, | [домъ], a house, dōm. |
| [Е] [е] | ā, | [ведро́], a pail, védrō. |
| [Ж] [ж] | jā, | [жена́], a woman, jéna. |
| [З] [з] | zā, | [зо́лото], gold, zolotō. |
| [И] [и] | ē, | [видъ], a view, vēēdd. |
| [І] [і] | ē, | used before a vowel only, ex. [мнѣ̀ніе], opinion, mnānēā. |
| [К] [к] | ka, | ex, [Коро́ль], a king, Korole. |
| [Л] [л] | él, | [ма́ло], little, malō. |
| [М] [м] | ém, | [ма́рморъ], marble, mramor.[**typo for "marmor"] |
| [Н] [н] | én, | [нашъ], our, nash. |
| [О] [о] | o, | [окно́], a window, oknō. |
| [П] [п] | pā, | [пе́пелъ], ashes, pépéll. |
| [Р] [р] | r, | [ра́но], early, ranō. |
| [С] [с] | s, | [спасе́ніе], salvation, spasānēā. |
| [Т] [т] | ta, | [тве́рдость], hardness, tvérdoste. |
| [У] [у] | oo, | [у̀тро], morning, ootrō. |
| [Ф] [ф] | éf, | [флагъ], a flag, flagg. |
| [Х] [х] | kha, | a guttural sound, resembling the Scotch pronunciation of ch in loch, &c., ex. [хитрость], cunning, chēētroste. |
| [Ц] [ц] | tsā, | (a combination of [т] and [с],) ex. [Царь], a king, tsar. |
| [Ч] [ч] | tcha, | ex. [человѣ̀къ], a man, tchélovayk. |
| [Ш] [ш] | sha, | [шерсть], wool, schārste. |
| [Щ] [щ] | sh-tcha, | (a combination of [ш] and [ч]) ex. [ще́дрость], bounty, sh-tchédroste. |
| [ъ] | yerr, | used at the end of words terminating in a consonant, to which it gives a hard sound, ex. [столъ], a table, stoll. |
| [ы] | u͡ē | guttural, ex. [ры̀ба], a fish, ru͡eba. |
| [ь] | yāre, | used at the end of words terminating in a consonant, to which it gives a soft sound, nearly corresponding to the English e mute, ex. [ра́дость], joy, radoste. |
| [Ѣ] [ѣ] | yā, | ex. [рѣка́], a river, rāyka. |
| [Э] [э] | ē, | [эконо́мъ], a land-steward, ékōnom. |
| [Ю] [ю] | you, | [ю̀ноша], a youth, younosha. |
| [Я] [я] | ya, | [я̀рость], fury, yaroste. |
| [Ѳ] [ѳ] | fā, | [ариѳме́тика], arithmetic, arēfmétēka. |
Samaritan
| Figure. | Name | Power. | Number. | Hebrew Characters. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [#] | Alaph | Spiritus lenis. | 1. | [#] |
| [#] | Beth | B or Bh. | 2. | [#] |
| [#] | Gamal | G or Gh. | 3. | [#] |
| [#] | Dalath | D or Dh. | 4. | [#] |
| [#] | He | H. | 5. | [#] |
| [#] | Vau | V or U. | 6. | [#] |
| [#] | Zain | Z. | 7. | [#] |
| [#] | Cheth | Hh. | 8. | [#] |
| [#] | Teth | T. | 9. | [#] |
| [#] | Jud | J. | 10. | [#] |
| [#] | Caph | C or Ch. | 20. | [#] |
| [#] | Lamad | L. | 3O. | [#] |
| [#] | Mim | M. | 40. | [#] |
| [#] | Nun | N. | 50. | [#] |
| [#] | Semchat | S. | 60. | [#] |
| [#] | Ain | Gn. | 70. | [#] |
| [#] | Pe | P or Ph. | 80. | [#] |
| [#] | Tzade | Tz. | 90. | [#] |
| [#] | Kuph | K. | 100. | [#] |
| [#] | Risch | R. | 200. | [#] |
| [#] | Schin | S or Sch. | 300. | [#] |
| [#] | Thau | T or Th. | 400. | [#] |
Sanskrita
See /Indian Scripts sub-page.
Saxon
Some characters used in Saxon are in unicode block A7xx, Latin Extended D. I have entered their hexadecimal codes, pending font updates.
| Form. | Sound. |
|---|---|
| [A] A a | a as in bar |
| B b | b |
| [C] C c | c as in choice |
| D ꝺ | d |
| [E] E [e] | e as in feint |
| F ꝼ | f |
| [G] G ᵹ | g as in gem |
| [H] H h | h |
| I ı | i |
| K k | k |
| L l | l |
| [M] M m | m |
| N n | n |
| O o | o |
| P p | p |
| R ꞃ | r |
| [S] S ꞅ | s |
| T ꞇ | t |
| Ð Þ ðþ | th |
| U u | u |
| Ƿ ƿ | w |
| B b | x |
| Y ẏ | y |
| Z z | z |
For anꝺ the Saxons used these abbreviations, ⁊ and [#]; for þaꞇ and þæꞇ they wrote ꝥ and for oððe or, and the termination lıce ly, they wrote ł; as ł or; and ꞅoðł for ꞅoðlıce truly.
[Note.] We also find uł for or; Ƿıłłm. for Ƿıllelm, William; and [H]æł, for [H]ælenꝺ, Jesus; ł stands for leoꝼeꞅꞇan, φίλτατοι, amicissimi, most friendly or beloved; apł, ap̃, or ap°, for apoꞅole, an apostle; apłar, apostles; [H]ieꞃłm, Jerusalem,; ꞅcıł, a shilling, money.
... as þā for þam.
.... æꝼꞇ̃ æꝼꞇeꞃ, after; allm̃ allmıhꞇıᵹ, almighty; am̃, amen; ancen, ancenneꝺe, only begotten; b, b̵, bıꞅc̃, bıꞅcop, a bishop; bꞃoð, bꞃođ, bꞃoþeꞃn, brethren; caꞃc̃, caꞃceꞃne, a prison; cꝼꞇ, [#], Cꞃıꞅꞇ, xꞃeꞅ, Cꞃıꞅꞇeꞅ, Christ, Christ's; c̃ƿ, cƿæð, saith; [X] for ꝺæᵹ, a day; ꝺꝺ, ꝺđ, David; ꝺꞃīh, ꝺꞃıhꞇ̃, Lord; ꝺñꞅ ꝺꞃıhꞇneꞅ, Lords; ꝼ̃ ꝼoꞃ, for, on account of; ᵹ̃, ᵹeaꞃe, a year; Iħr, Ihc̃, Jesus; ꞅ. [M]. ꞅeınꞇe [M]aꞃıe, St. Mary; ꞅ. p. St. Peter; ƿũꞇ, ƿuꞇoꝺlıce, certainly ...
... Bebeꞃ, beꝼoꞃ, a beaver. Iꝼıᵹ, ıueᵹ ivy. Obeꞃ, oꝼeꞃ, oueꞃ, over. [E]bolꞅan, eꝼolꞅan to blaspheme. Foꞇ, uoꞇ afoot.
.... Ðonceꞅ, þonᵹeꞅ thoughts. [C]ẏð, kẏð kindred. [C]ẏnınᵹ, kẏnınᵹ a king. Aceꞃ, Akeꞃ a field. [C]ƿen, quen, a queen, wife, &c.
C and CC are also often changed into H, or Hh, before ꞅ or ð, and especially before ꞇ; as Sꞇꞃehꞇon they strewed, for ꞅꞇꞃecꞇon, from ꞅꞇꞃeccan. Ahꞅıan for acꞅıan or axıan to ask. ꞅehđ for ꞅecđ seeks, from ꞅecan to seek.
In Dan. Sax. C changes into ᵹ, h, hƿ and k; and ch changes into h.
.... Ð is changed intoꝺ, especially in verbs; as ꞅeođan to boil or seeth; ꞅoꝺen boiled, ıc cƿæđ I said; þu cƿæ đe thou saidst he ƿẏꞃđ he is or becomes; þu ƿuꞃꝺe thou becomest.
.... G is often changed into h and ƿ; as
[H]eꞃeꞇoha for heꞃeꞇoᵹa a leader; Dahum for ꝺaᵹum with days; Geꞅƿıᵹan to be silent; ᵹeꞅuƿoꝺe he was silent or dumb; ꞅoꞃh for ꞅoꞃᵹe sorrow.
.... as ᵹeo, ıeo or ıu yore, formerly; ᵹeoᵹuđ, ıeoᵹuđ youth; ᵹeoc, ıoc or ıuc yoke.
G is often suppressed before n, or ᵹn lengthened into ᵹen; as þẏꞅıᵹne, Þẏꞅıne from þyꞅꞅ or þıꞅ this, and ænıᵹne, aenıne, from aenıᵹ any. G is often added to words that end with ı, as hıᵹ for hı they; and on the contrary G is often omitted in those words which end in ıᵹ; as ꝺꞃı for ꝺꞃıᵹ or ꝺꞃẏᵹ, dry.
[H] is sometimes changed into ᵹ; as þaᵹ for þah he grew or throve, from þean to grow.
In Dan. Sax. [H] is sometimes added to words, and sometimes dropped; or it is changed into c, ᵹ, ch, or k; and [H]u into ƿ.
.... as ƿell or ƿel well; ealle or al all (omnis); ealne, all (omnem); also ıc ꞅẏlle, þu ꞅẏlꞅꞇ, he ꞅylđ, I sell, thou, &c
.... The Saxon p and ƿ are easily mistaken for each other ....
.... In Dan. Sax. Ss, Ð, or X are sometimes substituted for S.
T in Dan. Sax. occasionally changes in [**typo for into?] D and Ð.
In Dan. Sax. W changes into F and Ui [**typo for Uı?]; We into oe, u, ue; Wi, into u, uu; Wa, into uıæ, ƿæ; Wr, into war; and Wu, into u.
X is sometimes supplied by cꞅ; as neoꞃcꞅen for neoꞃxen quiet.
... the diphthongs Æ, Œ, and Ea continually occur in Anglo-Saxon; but Œ more frequently in Dan. Sax.
A and Æ: as ac, æc an oak; aceꞃ, æceꞃ a field; habban to have, ıc hæbbe I have; ꞅꞇan a stone; ꞅꞇænen stony; laꞃ doctrine; læꞃan to teach; an one; æniᵹ any one.
Æ and Œ: as aeᵹhƿeꞃ, ceᵹhƿeꞃ every where; aeᵹhƿilc, oeᵹhƿilc every one.
Æ and Y: as ælc, ẏlc each one.
In Dan. Sax. these occur indifferently:--A, æ, e, ea, o, eo; Æ, e, ıe, œ, o, ea, ue.
E interchanges with [Æ]. It is often added to the end of Anglo-Saxon words where it does not naturally belong, and it is as often reᵹected where it does.
Eo is changed into ẏ and e, and ea into e, but more usually into ẏ.
[E]aðe, eðe easily; and ceaᵹreꞃ, cereeꞃ a castle.
[S]eolꝼ, ꞅelꝼ, ꞅẏlꝼ self; ꞅẏllan, ꞅellan to give, sell, &c.
Neah near; nehꞅꞇ nearest; ealꝺ old; ꞅe ẏlꝺꞃa the elder; ƿealꝺan to rule, he ƿelꞇ or ƿẏlꞇ he rules; leaꞅ loose, lẏꞅan to loose; ᵹeleaꝼa belief, ᵹelẏꝼan to believe.
In Dan. Sax. these occur indifferently:--E, a, eo, ce, O, u, as, ea, ẏ; ea, eo, ı, ẏ; eau, eoƿ; ee, e; eı, œ, ı; eo, a, e, ı, ıƿ, u; eu, ẏƿ.
Iᵹlanb, eᵹlanb, ẏᵹlanb an island; eꝼel, ẏᵹel evil; ıꞃþımᵹ, eaꞃþımᵹ, ẏꞃþlınᵹ a farmer; ꞃen rain, ꞃınan to rain; beꞃnan to burn, bẏꞃnan to set on fire; cƿeþan to say, þu cƿyꞅꞇ, cƿıꞅꞇ, thou sayest.
In Dan. Sax. these occur indifferently: I, ıa, ıo, eo, ẏ; ıœ, ıe, œ; ıuh, eoƿ.
O is changed into u, e and ẏ, and eo into ẏ; but sometimes into a ....
Oꝺe and oꝺ, into aꝺe and aꝺ; ꝺom ᵹudgment, ꝺeman to judge; ꝼꞃoꝼeꞃ comfort, ꝼꞃeꝼꞃtan to comfort; ꝼoc a foot, ꝼec feet; boc a book, bee books; ꞅcoꞃm a storm, ꞅcẏꞃman to storm; ᵹolꝺ gold, ᵹẏlꝺen golden; ƿoꞃb a word, anꝺƿyꞃꝺan to answer; ƿeoꞃc a work, ƿẏꞃcean to work; heoꞃb or hẏꞃꝺe a herd; 10c, me a yoke; leƿan, ᵹoƿan to show; man and mon a man; lanᵹ and lonᵹ long; ꞅanꝺ and ꞅonꝺsand.
In Dan. Sax. these occur:--O, a, e, I, u; œ, æ, e, o, ue, ƿe; oea, eo; oƿe, uu.
U is sometimes converted into ẏ: as ꞅcꞃuꝺ clothing, ꞅcꞃyꝺan to clothe; cuþ known, cẏþan to make known.
In Dan. Sax. these are used indiscriminately:--U, ꝺ, ꝼ, o, oƿ, ƿe, ƿi, ƿu; ue, æ, œ, ƿe; uı, ƿ; uu, oƿe.
The Anglo-Saxon Y is the Greek Υ (upsilon), or, as the French call it, y Greque. The ẏ was not dotted in the oldest MSS.
Swedish
Fraktur: see Danish and German, above.
Syriac
| Order of the Letters. |
Names of the Letters. |
Figures of the Letters. | Power of the Letters. |
Numerical Value. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unconnected. | Final. | Medial. | Initial. | ||||
| 1. | Olaph | ܐ | [#] | [#] | [#] | A. | 1. |
| 2. | Beth | ܒ | [#] | [#] | [#] | B. | 2. |
| 3. | Gomal | ܓ | [#] | [#] | [#] | G. | 3. |
| 4. | Dolath | ܕ | [#] | [#] | [#] | D. | 4. |
| 5. | He | ܗ | [#] | [#] | [#] | H. | 5. |
| 6. | Vau | ܘ | [#] | [#] | [#] | V. | 6. |
| 7. | Zaïn | ܙ | [#] | [#] | [#] | Z. | 7. |
| 8. | Cheth | ܚ | [#] | [#] | [#] | Ch. | 8. |
| 9. | Teth | ܛ | [#] | [#] | [#] | T. | 9. |
| 10. | Jud | ܝ | [#] | [#] | [#] | L. | 10. |
| 11. | Coph | ܟ | [#] | [#] | [#] | C. | 20. |
| 12. | Lomad | ܠ | [#] | [#] | [#] | L. | 30. |
| 13. | Mim | ܡ | [#] | [#] | [#] | M. | 40. |
| 14. | Nun | ܢ | [#] | [#] | [#] | N. | 50. |
| 15. | Semchat | ܣ | [#] | [#] | ܤ | S. | 60. |
| 16. | Ngae | ܥ | [#] | [#] | [#] | A. | 70. |
| 17. | Pe | ܦ | [#] | [#] | [#] | P. | 80. |
| 18. | Tzode | ܨ | [#] | [#] | [#] | Tz. | 90. |
| 19. | Koph | ܩ | [#] | [#] | [#] | K. | 100. |
| 20. | Risch | ܪ | [#] | [#] | [#] | R. | 200. |
| 21. | Schin | ܫ | [#] | [#] | [#] | Sch. | 300. |
| 22. | Thau | ܬ | [#] | [#] | [#] | T. | 400. |
Tamul
See /Indian Scripts sub-page.
Notes for the Post-Processor
HTML
There are a lot of illustrations, and a lot of pictures of non-Roman scripts, so an HTML version will obviously be necessary. The book generally does not use page numbers in cross-referencing, so links to each article will also be useful.
The Case Diagrams and Imposition Charts provide a nice lesson on how to make the border-spacing property work for you.
Charts of non-Roman scripts should be shown in two ways in html: as full-page images, and as tables using the individual characters from the wiki list. It should be possible to copy-and-paste letters even if you can't actually see them.
Those Monster Tables
Everything in the tables can be summarized in a couple of brief Transcriber’s Notes.
Always round up to the next whole number.
Casting Up (104-161): Number at top of table × number under “Ens wide” × paper size × 2 (for example, an octavo is 16 pages) ÷ 1000. See what I meant about a few seconds with a calculator?
Giving out Paper: Jobs (273-294): The top of each page says how many pages to a sheet. The number under “No.” is the number of pages you want to print. Target number ÷ pages per sheet = number of sheets. That’s all. The number under “Total Number...” is the actual number of pages you’ll get from this many sheets.
Convert big numbers to Reams and Quires in the same way that you’d convert money into pounds and shillings. Note that the number of sheets is the same on both sides; the difference in the Reams column only shows up in larger numbers where “perfect” vs. “imperfect” paper starts to make a difference. The book assumes you know that 24 sheets = one Quire.
Price of Pages (598-643): The top of the page tells you how many pages go to a sheet. (As with Casting Up, multiply by 2: a quarto contains 8 pages. The numbers along the left will remind you.) The column header is the price per sheet. Sheet price ÷ paper size × “No. of Pages” = final price. Round up to the nearest farthing (¼d.) if necessary. The last number in each section will be the same as the number at the top of the column; it looks different because the column headers use only shillings and pence, no matter how big the number is, while the final sum includes pounds.