User:Jhellingman/Philippine Works in PG

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Project Gutenberg is a quickly growing collection of fully proofread, and often formatted texts. The growth is nice, but makes it increasingly difficult to find materials. This pages provides an annotated overview and introduction to Philippine related works in Project Gutenberg, to help students and researchers to find their way.



History

Pre-Hispanic Era

Philippine written history almost entirely starts with the arrival of the Spanish. Although the islands knew writing before the Spanish, most of that was on perishable materials. Very little has survived. Apart from a few scattered inscribed copper plates and a couple of Chinese records, the pre-hispanic era is pre-history, and much of what we know about it has been reconstructed from archaeological research, that has only taken off recently.

Spanish Era

Although sometimes taken as the start of the Spanish domination of the Philippines, the arrival of Magellan in 1521 was just a forebode of it. Only with the arrival of Legaspi in 1565, the Spanish colonialization of the Philippines started.

One of the earliest printed books in the Philippines and oldest surviving printed book in Tagalog was a Christian Doctrine dating from 1592. This work still uses the old Tagalog script, and was printed from woodblocks in the Chinese fashion, as moving type was only introduced in the islands a few years later.

The main English resource of Philippine history during the Spanish Era is Blair and Robertson's massive 55-volume work, the Philippine Islands, 1492-1898. This work consists of numerous primary sources translated into English, and annotated with countless footnotes. Of this work, 25 volumes are completed, and have been added to Project Gutenberg. These works are strongest in their coverage of the early centuries of Spanish rule.

Before Blair and Robertson, only a few Spanish works on the Philippines had been translated to English. These include Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola's, The Discovery and Conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands [DP], published in London in 1708; and Martinez de Zuñiga's An Historical View of the Philippine Islands [DP], which appeared in the same city over a century later, in 1814.

A number of Spanish travelers wrote about the islands, such as Juan Álvarez Guerra in his Viajes por Filipinas, in three volumes, De Manila á Albay, De Manila á Marianas, and De Manila á Tayabas.

Rare are first-hand reports of live in the Philippines by non-Spanish foreigners. Among the most interesting of these are Jagor's Reisen in die Philippinen, and Gironière's Aventures d'un gentilhomme breton aux iles Philippines, which both give an interesting picture of life in the Philippines under the Spanish. An English translation of Jagor's work can be found in Craig's, The Philippines through Foreign Eyes.

In 1879, the French explorer, Joseph Montano, was send to the Philippines to study the islands. The results where published in Voyage aux Philippines, of which a Dutch summary is available as Een reis naar de Philippijnen.

A further interesting account of life in the Philippines during the last years of the Spanish rule can be found in Frederic H. Sawyers Inhabitants of the Philippines.

American Era

The American era started and ended with War. After the Spanish-American War, the United States took over the Philippines for twenty million dollars (Incidentally for about 15 million dollars one fifth of the entire United States was bought from Napoleon almost a century earlier with the Louisiana Purchase, and in 1867, Alaska was bought from the Russian Empire for $7.200.000; however, both these purchases happened without the use of military force.). The Filipinos, already involved in a fight for independence against their Spanish rules, quickly turned against their new masters. The Philippine-American War lasted for one and a half decade, until about 1913. It left more Filipinos dead than over 300 years of Spanish rule before it.

The Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars are well-documented in Project Gutenberg, from various points of view.

One of the earliest publication is Murat Halstead's, Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico The Eldorado of the Orient, which appeared in 1898, and was written in a journalistic style.

Strongly opposing the American occupation of the Philippines is Emilio Aguinaldo, in his True Version of the Philippine Revolution. Also in the United States itself, the occupation of the Philippines was controversial. Well known public figures, such as the author Mark Twain vigorously opposed it. A report by James H. Blount, The American Occupation of the Philippines 1898-1912 [in progress at DP], which appeared in 1912 was a large complaint about US rule.

A more favourable stance towards the American occupation was taken by Ramon Reyes Lala's, Philippine Islands [in progress]. As one of the first Filipino-Americans (He became a U.S. citizen while the Philippines where still Spanish), he welcomed American rule in his home country.

Former member of the American appointed Philippine Commission, Dean C. Worcester's The Philippines: Past and Present (Volumes I and II) gives a strongly pro-American relation of these wars. In this works, he tries to debunk Blount's claims, and also gives a large number of before-after pictures to demonstrate the positive effects of American rule. These are sometimes quite curious, such as an Igorot boy being dressed up as an American schoolboy, or the one of the huge Bilibid prison complex replacing a small dipilated Spanish prison.

A more neutral point of view can be obtained from Foreman's The Philippine Islands [DP], a British researcher and traveler.

Later during US rule, Katharine Mayo published the highly controversal The Isles of Fear: The Truth about the Philippines in 1924. This book was thankfully used by the US government to proof that the Philippines was not ready for independence. A few years later, in 1927, on a special invitation by the British government, this same author continued to write Mother India, a work so scandalous that even today the discussion about it has not ended.

Already in the early stages of the US occupation, the US government brought a large number of teachers to the Philippines, named the Thomasites, after the first ship that brought them there. Some of these early teachers wrote about their experiences and give an interesting insight in daily live at the period. One example is Mary Helen Fee's A Woman's Impression of the Philippines.

Post-Independence

With the granting of independence shortly after the Second World war, on the 4th of July 1946, the Republic of the Philippines was born.

Due to copyright restrictions, few works will be available in this section.

Anthropology

The Philippines have a unique amalgamation of peoples, but only seriously attracted the attention of anthropologists in the early twentieth century. Some US Administrators, in particular Dean C. Worcester, had a keen interest in the so-called tribal population they found in the Philippines, and one of the reasons given for continued US presence in the Philippines was the protection of these peoples. As a result, in the first years of the US occupation, a number of interesting anthropological studies have been made.

These include:

Fay-Cooper Cole (1881-1961), The Tinguian: Social, Religious, and Economic Life of a Philippine Tribe, Chicago, 1922.

Fay-Cooper Cole (1881-1961), Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore, Chicago, 1915.

Fay-Cooper Cole (1881-1961), The Wild Tribes of Davao District, Mindanao: The R. F. Cummings Philippine Expedition, Chicago, 1913.

John M. Garvan, The Manóbos of Mindanáo, Washington D.C., 1931.

Albert Ernest Jenks (1869-1953), The Bontoc Igorot, Manila, 1905.

Linguistics

Reference

Literature

Philippine literature can be written in Spanish, English, Tagalog, and a number of other languages. Since the language situation in the Philippines is rather complex, we sort the included titles by language, and clarify what we mean by each language designation. Note that in the Philippines, regional languages are often called dialects in the Philippines, even though they are languages in their own right. It is better to avoid this use of the word dialect.

Most languages spoken in the Philippines belong to the Austronesian language family, and are related to languages spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Polynesia. In the Philippines, the vocabulary comes from several sources, The most important are (original) Malay, Spanish, and English.

Tagalog

Tagalog is the original language of the the area surrounding Manila. It has about 22 million native speakers, but is known as a second language to most Filipinos.

Tagalog has a number of variants, that need to be explained. Filipino (or Pilipino) is a recent artificial creation to serve as a national language for the Philippines. It is derived from Tagalog, with some vocabulary from other Philippine languages thrown in.

The use of the term Filipino and even its very existence is controversial, both with speakers of Tagalog and speakers of other Philippine languages. Some speakers of Tagalog consider the mixing of non-Tagalog words into their language an unnecessary pollution of the purity of the language, whereas non-Tagalog speakers consider it a deception to call the language Filipino, when it is de-facto Tagalog.

Since all works we deal with on this site pre-date this controversy, we will use the term Tagalog exclusively.

Taglish is the language of the Manila streets and Filipino movies. Like Filipino, it has absorbed a few words from other Philippine languages, but the main source of new words is English, English words even replace original Tagalog and Spanish words.

Tagalog works in PG:

A

Anonymous, Búhay na Pinagdaanan ni Juan Tamad na Anac ni Fabio at ni Sofia Sa Caharian nang Portugal, na Hinañgo sa Novela.

Anonymous, Ibong Adarna Corrido at Buhay na Pinagdaanan nang tatlong Principeng Magcacapatid na Anac nang Haring Fernando at nang Reina Valeriana sa Cahariang Berbania.

Rosauro Almario, (1886-1933), Ang Mananayaw.

Juan L. Arsciwals, Isa Pang Bayani.

B

Francisco Balagtas, (1788-1862), Florante, translated by Epifanio de los Santos, (1871-1928)

Francisco Balagtas, (1788-1862), Florante at Laura, with an introduction by Carlos Ronquillo y Valdez, (1877-1941).

C

Sofronio G. Calderón, (1878-1954?), Dating Pilipinas.

Modesto de Castro, (1819-1864), Pag Susulatan nang Dalauang Binibini na si Urbana at ni Feliza.

Hermenegildo Cruz, (1880-) Kartilyang Makabayan Mga Tanong at Sagot Ukol Kay Andrés Bonifacio at sa KKK.

F

José R. Francia, Hindi Biro!... ó Ang Anting-Anting.

Gabriel Beato Francisco, Ang Katipunan.

H

Pilar J. Lazaro Hipolito, Rizal sa Harap ng Bayan Talumpating Binigkas sa Look ng Bagumbayan.

I

Cleto R. Ignacio, Cahangahangang Buhay ni Santa Margarita de Cortona.

Cleto R. Ignacio, Kasaysayan ng Katotohanang Buhay ng Haring Clodeveo at Reyna Clotilde sa Reyno nang Francia.

Cleto R. Ignacio, Panayam ng Tatlong Binata — Unang Hati.

Cleto R. Ignacio, Panayam ng Tatlong Binata — Ikalawang Hati.

L

Pascual de Leon, (1893-1958), Buntong Hininga Mga Tulang Tagalog.

Honorio López, (1875-1958), Ang Tunay na Buhay ni P. Dr. Jose Burgos

Honorio López, (1875-1958), Dimasalang Kalendariong Tagalog (1920).

Honorio López, (1875-1958), Dimasalang Kalendariong Tagalog (1922).

Pantaleón S. Lopez, (1872-1912), Apô-Apô (Zarzuela) at Kung Sinong Apô-Apô (Kasaysayan).

Fray Miguel Lucio y Bustamante, (1842-1893) Si Tandang Basio Macunat.

M

Apolinario Mabini, (1864-1903) Panukala sa Pagkakana nang Repúblika nang Pilipinas.

Patricio Mariano, Ang mga Anak Dalita.

Patricio Mariano, Juan Masili o Ang pinuno ng tulisan.

Pura Medrano, Nang Bata Pa Kami.

José Morante, Landas na Tuntunin.

N

Balbino B. Nanong, Hiwaga ng Pagibig.

P

Andrés Pascual, Masakím.

Pascual Hicaro Poblete, (1857-1921), Buhay at Mga Ginawa ni Dr. Jose Rizal.

Antonio Florentino Puansen (as Translator), Mahal na Ejercicio ó Devocion nang Pitong Arao na Domingo Na pinagcalooban nang santo papa nang indulgencia plenaria sa balang domingo.

R

Angel de los Reyes, Nasawing Pagasa.

Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino (1864-1938), Ang Singsing nang Dalagang Marmol.

Jose Maria Rivera (1882-), Cinematografo.

Jose Maria Rivera (1882-), Esperanza.

Jose Maria Rivera (1882-), Sa Tabi ng Bangin Kasaysayan Tagalog.

José Rizal (1861-1896) Ang Liham ni Dr. Jose Rizal sa mga Kadalagahan sa Malolos, Bulakan

José Rizal (1861-1896) Paalaala sa mga Mapagusapin.

Fr. José Rodriguez, ¡Caiñgat Cayo! Sa mañga masasamang libro,t, casulatan.

G.D. Roke, Ang Sintang Dalisay ni Julieta at Romeo.

S

T

S. A. D. (Samuel Auguste David) Tissot (1728-1797), Ang Mahusay na Paraan nang Pag-Gamot sa manga Maysaquit, translated by Francisco Manuel Blanco (1778-1845).

Leo Nikoleyevich Tolstoy (1828-1910), Sa Ano Nabubuhay Ang Tao, translated by Sofronio G. Calderón, (1878-1954?).

Aurelio Tolentino (1867-1915), Dakilang Asal.

Joaquin Tuason (1843-1908) Patnubay nang Cabataan ó Talinhagang Buhay ni Eliseo at ni Hortensio.

V

Engracio L. Valmonte (1889-). Ang Mestisa Ikalawang Bahagi.

Visayan

The name Visayan or Bisayan is applied to at least three different languages, all spoken in the Visayan area: the group of islands locked between the larger islands of Luzon and Mindanao. The use of the word Visayan results in widespread confusion, so it is better to identify languages with a unique name. The main Visayan languages are:

  • Cebuano, spoken on Cebu, Negros Oriental, Bohol, and large parts of Mindanao.
  • Ilonggo, spoken on Panay and Negros Occidental.
  • Waray-Waray, spoken on Leyte and Samar.

Each of these languages has a number of names and dialects, further adding to the confusion. Look under the respective headings for works in those languages.

Cebuano

Cebuano is the main language spoken on the islands of Cebu, Siguijor and Bohol, large parts of Mindanao, the province of Negros Oriental, and parts of Leyte. With about 25 million speakers, it has more native speakers than any other Philippine language.

Ilonggo

Ilonggo is spoken on the island of Panay and in the province of Negros Occidental. The language is also known as Hiligaynon. Ilonggo is spoken by about 7 million people as a first language.

Ilokano

Ilokano is mainly spoken in the North-Western part of Luzon. It has about 8 million speakers, and is thus the third most widely spoken language of the Philippines.

Works in Iloko:

Bikol

Bikol is a name given to four different languages spoken in the Bikol region (the South-Eastern 'tail' of Luzon). Of these, Northern Bikol, spoken by about 2.5 million people is the most widespread.

Waray-Waray

Waray-Waray is spoken on the islands of Leyte and Samar, in the Eastern Visayas. It has slightly over 3 million speakers.

Kapampangan

Kapampangan is primarily spoken in the provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac. It also spoken in the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, and Bataan, all on the island of Luzon. It has about 2.5 million speakers.

Spanish

Spanish, the language of the former colonial ruler of the Philippines has contributed a lot to the vocabulary of most Philippine languages, but as an independent language has effectively vanished from the Philippines.

The Golden Age of Spanish-Philippine literature was the twenties and thirties of the 20th century, and lasted for just one generation. Today, most of the these authors and books are forgotten. With the generation that produced and read those books, the use of Spanish died in the Philippines. Then, without an audience, the books themselves where left untouched by all, except by insects, moisture, and the destruction of war, until many libraries decided that it was not worth keeping them, and threw them out. Project Gutenberg of the Philippines is dedicated to recue them from the basurahan, and preserve them for generations to come.

English

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