The Principles of Logic

This is a wiki page to aid the LaTeX formatting of The Principles of Logic project.

A forum page about it is here.

The Preamble (last changed 27 July 2008)

The following preamble should be at the start of the document. Please, change the date when updating and update the Preamble Change Log below.

It draws together all of the previous suggestions and includes definitions of chapter, section, etc., to reflect how they look on the printed page to aid in spotting use of the incorrect markup.

% last changed 27 July 2008

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Preamble change log

Please write here what you've added or changed to preamble and the reason for it.

• 27 July 2008 Preamble collated from several previous suggestions.

Chapters and Sections

Formatting of chapters and sections should be as shown below. The Level is in accordance with the LaTeX convention and is for information only. This is a slight revision of the work done by pvachusk. :-

Page	Header	Markup	Level
005.png	PREFACE.	\part*	-1
009.png	INTRODUCTION.	\part*	-1
009.png	I. INTUITIONS.	\chapter*	0
009.png	1. Definition.	\section*	2
009.png	2. Classification.	\section*	2
010.png	3. Conditions.	\section*	2
010.png	4. Relations of Empirical and Rational Intuitions.	\section*	2
010.png	5. Order of Evolution.	\section*	2
011.png	6. Propositions.	\section*	2
012.png	7. Corollaries.	\section*	2
012.png	II. THOUGHTS.	\chapter*	0
012.png	1. Definition.	\section*	2
012.png	2. Processes.	\section*	2
012.png	3. Products.	\section*	2
013.png	4. Contents.	\section*	2
013.png	5. Expression.	\section*	2
013.png	III. SCIENCE.	\chapter*	0
013.png	1. Definition.	\section*	2
013.png	2. Classification.	\section*	2
015.png	LOGIC	\part*	-1
015.png	I. GENERAL OUTLINE.	\chapter*	0
015.png	1. Definition.	\section*	2
015.png	2. Exposition.	\section*	2
015.png	3. Classification.	\section*	2
017.png	II. CONGRUENCE, CONFLICTION, OPPOSITION.	\chapter*	0
017.png	1. Definitions.	\section*	2
017.png	2. Classification.	\section*	2
017.png	3. Formulas.	\section*	2
018.png	III. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF THOUGHT.	\chapter*	0
018.png	1. The Laws of Identity.	\section*	2
018.png	2. The Law of Conflictives.	\section*	2
018.png	3. The Law of Contradictories.	\section*	2
019.png	4. The Law of Reason and Consequent.	\section*	2
019.png	IV. CONCEPTS.	\chapter*	0
019.png	1. Definition.	\section*	2
019.png	2. Etymology.	\section*	2
019.png	3. Nature of the Elements.	\section*	2
020.png	4. Formation.	\section*	2
020.png	5. Relation to Language.	\section*	2
020.png	6. Characteristics.	\section*	2
021.png	7. Classification as to Quantity.	\section*	2
021.png	8. Extension and Comprehension.	\section*	2
023.png	9. Classification as to Quality.	\section*	2
023.png	10. Qualities involved in Distinctness.	\section*	2
024.png	11. Concepts admitting Extensive or Comprehensive	\section*	2
024.png	12. Specific Rules for attaining Distinctness.	\section*	2
024.png	13. Sources of Indistinctness.	\section*	2
024.png	14. Remedy for Indistinctness.	\section*	2
025.png	15. Classification as to Validity.	\section*	2
025.png	16. Classification as to Truth.	\section*	2
025.png	17. Classification as to Congruity.	\section*	2
025.png	18. Classification as to Completeness.	\section*	2
026.png	19. Classification as to their Relations in Extension.	\section*	2
027.png	20. Notation expressing these Relations.	\section*	2
028.png	21. Summary of the Relations of Extensive Concepts.	\section*	2
029.png	22. The laws of Classification by Genera and Species.	\section*	2
030.png	23. Classification as to Relations in Comprehension.	\section*	2
030.png	1. As to Identity.	\subsection*	3
030.png	2. As to Congruence.	\subsection*	3
030.png	3. As to Elements.	\subsection*	3
030.png	4. As to Proximate Relations.	\subsection*	3
031.png	V. JUDGMENTS.	\chapter*	0
031.png	1. Definition.	\section*	2
031.png	2. Expression.	\section*	2
031.png	3. Elements.	\section*	2
031.png	4. Concepts and Judgments compared.	\section*	2
032.png	5. Classification as to Origin.	\section*	2
032.png	6. Classification as to Validity.	\section*	2
032.png	7. Classification as to Truth.	\section*	2
032.png	8. Classification as to Extension and Comprehension.	\section*	2
033.png	9. Classification as to Form.	\section*	2
033.png	10. Classification as to Quantity.	\section*	2
033.png	11. Classification as to Quality.	\section*	2
034.png	12. Principles of Expression.	\section*	2
034.png	1. Principles warranting Affirmation.	\subsection*	3
034.png	2. Principles warranting Negation.	\subsection*	3
034.png	3. Principle warranting Hypothecation.	\subsection*	3
034.png	4. Principle warranting Disjunction.	\subsection*	3
035.png	13. Classification of Categorical Judgments.	\section*	2
035.png	14. Laws of Validity.	\section*	2
035.png	(1-4 not regarded as sections as not in italics. (?))	\subsection*	3
036.png	15. Opposition.	\section*	2
037.png	16. The Laws of Opposition.	\section*	2
037.png	17. Distribution of the Concepts of a Judgment.	\section*	2
037.png	1. Definitions.	\subsection*	3
037.png	2. Principles.	\subsection*	3
037.png	3. Consequences.	\subsection*	3
038.png	4. Remarks.	\subsection*	3
038.png	18. Conversion.	\section*	2
038.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
038.png	2. Kinds.	\subsection*	3
040.png	19. Classification of Hypothetical Judgments.	\section*	2
042.png	20. Classification of Disjunctive Judgments.	\section*	2
043.png	21. Classification of Logical Disjunctives.	\section*	2
043.png	22. Classification of Dilemmatic Judgments.	\section*	2
044.png	VI. ARGUMENTS.	\chapter*	0
044.png	Definition.	\section*	2
044.png	1. IMMEDIATE ARGUMENTS.	\chapterpart*	1
044.png	1. Definition.	\section*	2
044.png	2. Varieties.	\section*	2
046.png	2. MEDIATE ARGUMENTS.	\chapterpart*	1
046.png	1. Definitions.	\section*	2
046.png	2. Expression.	\section*	2
047.png	3. Illustration.	\section*	2
049.png	4. Remarks on Mediate Arguments.	\section*	2
050.png	5. Categorical Syllogisms in Extension.	\section*	2
052.png	6. Formal Fallacies.	\section*	2
052.png	1. Undistributed Middle.	\subsection*	3
055.png	2. Illicit Process.	\subsection*	3
056.png	3. Particular Premises.	\subsection*	3
057.png	4. Negative Premises.	\subsection*	3
058.png	5. An Affirmative Conclusion and One Negative Premise.	\subsection*	3
058.png	6. A Negative Conclusion from Affirmative Premises.	\subsection*	3
059.png	7. A Universal Conclusion and a Particular Premise.	\subsection*	3
059.png	8. Ambiguous Middle.	\subsection*	3
059.png	7. Rules.	\section*	2
060.png	8. General Laws of the Syllogism.	\section*	2
060.png	9. Figure.	\section*	2
060.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
061.png	2. Classification.	\subsection*	3
061.png	10. Mood.	\section*	2
061.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
061.png	2. Remark.	\subsection*	3
062.png	3. Positive Determination of the Valid Moods.	\subsection*	3
063.png	4. The Number of Valid Moods.	\subsection*	3
064.png	5. Negative Determination of the Valid Moods.	\subsection*	3
066.png	11. Figure I. { }	\section*	2
066.png	1. Valid Moods in Figure I.	\subsection*	3
067.png	2. The Doctrine of Figure I.	\subsection*	3
067.png	3. Aristotle\'s Dictum.	\subsection*	3
067.png	4. Arguments in Figure I with their Names.	\subsection*	3
068.png	12. Figure II.	\section*	2
068.png	1. Valid Moods in Figure II.	\subsection*	3
069.png	2. The Doctrine of Figure II.	\subsection*	3
069.png	3. Arguments in Figure II with their Names.	\subsection*	3
070.png	13. Figure III. { }	\section*	2
070.png	1. Valid Moods in Figure III.	\subsection*	3
071.png	2. The Doctrine of Figure III.	\subsection*	3
071.png	3. Arguments in Figure III with their Names.	\subsection*	3
072.png	14. Figure IV. { }	\section*	2
072.png	1. Valid Moods in Figure IV.	\subsection*	3
073.png	2. The Doctrine of Figure IV.	\subsection*	3
073.png	3. Arguments in Figure IV with their Names.	\subsection*	3
074.png	15. Summary of the Names of the Arguments.	\section*	2
074.png	16. Signification of the Consonants in Fig\'s II, III, IV.	\section*	2
074.png	1. Consonants denoting Results.	\subsection*	3
074.png	2. Consonants denoting Transformation.	\subsection*	3
075.png	17. Direct Reduction.	\section*	2
075.png	1. Object.	\subsection*	3
075.png	2. Fig. II to Fig. I.	\subsection*	3
075.png	3. Fig. III to Fig. I.	\subsection*	3
076.png	4. Fig. IV to Fig. I.	\subsection*	3
076.png	18. Indirect Reduction.	\section*	2
076.png	1. Notation.	\subsection*	3
076.png	2. Fig. II to Fig. I.	\subsection*	3
076.png	Rule.	\subsubsection*	4
077.png	3. Fig. III to Fig. I.	\subsection*	3
077.png	Rule.	\subsubsection*	4
079.png	4. Fig. IV to Fig. I.	\subsection*	3
079.png	Rule.	\subsubsection*	4
080.png	19. Examples.	\section*	2
082.png	20. Hypothetical Syllogisms.	\section*	2
082.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
082.png	2. Examples.	\subsection*	3
082.png	3. The Propositions of an Hypothetical Syllogism.	\subsection*	3
083.png	4. Laws.	\subsection*	3
083.png	5. Categorical and Hypothetical Syllogisms Compared.	\subsection*	3
084.png	6. Reduction of Hypothetical Syllogisms to Categorical.	\subsection*	3
084.png	21. Disjunctive Syllogisms.	\section*	2
084.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
084.png	2. Examples.	\subsection*	3
084.png	3. The Propositions of a Disjunctive Syllogism.	\subsection*	3
085.png	4. Disjunctive Syllogisms having two Disjunctive Members.	\subsection*	3
085.png	5. Laws.	\subsection*	3
085.png	6. Disjunctive Syllogisms having more than two Disjunctive	\subsection*	3
086.png	7. Laws.	\subsection*	3
086.png	8. Categorical and Disjunctive Syllogisms Compared.	\subsection*	3
086.png	22. Dilemmatic Syllogisms.	\section*	2
086.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
087.png	2. Forms.	\subsection*	3
087.png	3. Remark.	\subsection*	3
088.png	23. Enthymemes.	\section*	2
088.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
088.png	2. Etymology.	\subsection*	3
088.png	3. Examples of Enthymemes.	\subsection*	3
088.png	24. Prosyllogism and Episyllogism.	\section*	2
088.png	1. Definitions.	\subsection*	3
089.png	2. Example.	\subsection*	3
089.png	25. Sorites.	\section*	2
089.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
089.png	2. Forms.	\subsection*	3
090.png	3. Laws.	\subsection*	3
091.png	4. Expansion of the Sorites.	\subsection*	3
091.png	26. The Epichirema.	\section*	2
091.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
091.png	2. Etymology.	\subsection*	3
091.png	3. Examples.	\subsection*	3
092.png	27. The Unfigured Syllogism.	\section*	2
092.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
092.png	2. Examples.	\subsection*	3
092.png	3. Laws.	\subsection*	3
092.png	28. The Reductio ad Absurdum.	\section*	2
092.png	1. Definitions.	\subsection*	3
093.png	2. Principles.	\subsection*	3
093.png	3. Application.	\subsection*	3
094.png	4. Example.	\subsection*	3
095.png	29. The Exhaustive Method.	\section*	2
095.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
095.png	2. Compared with the Reductio ad Absurdum.	\subsection*	3
095.png	3. Example.	\subsection*	3
096.png	30. Hamilton\'s Notation, and Classification of	\section*	2
096.png	1. Notation.	See Footnote A	3
096.png	2. Propositions.	See Footnote A	3
097.png	3. The Converse of	See Footnote A	3
097.png	4. Laws of Validity.	\subsection*	3
098.png	5. Opposition of Judgments.	\subsection*	3
100.png	6. Thompson\'s Criticism on (\eta) and (\omega).	\subsection*	3
101.png	7. Hamilton\'s Reply.	\subsection*	3
102.png	8. De Morgan\'s Criticism on (\omega).	\subsection*	3
102.png	9. Hamilton\'s Reply.	\subsection*	3
103.png	31. Hamilton\'s Scheme of Figured Syllogisms.	\section*	2
103.png	1. Explanatory Remarks.	\subsection*	3
104.png	2. Figure I.	\subsection*	3
105.png	3. Figure II.	\subsection*	3
106.png	4. Figure III.	\subsection*	3
107.png	32. Indeterminateness of Language.	\section*	2
108.png	33. Positive Propositions.	\section*	2
109.png	34. Positive Syllogisms.	\section*	2
109.png	1. To prove (C).	\subsection*	3
109.png	2. To prove (E).	\subsection*	3
109.png	3. To prove (S).	\subsection*	3
110.png	4. To prove (I).	\subsection*	3
111.png	3. INDUCTION.	\chapterpart*	1
111.png	1. Definition.	\section*	2
111.png	2. Classification.	\section*	2
111.png	3. Position of Induction in Logic.	\section*	2
111.png	4. Logical Induction.	\section*	2
111.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
111.png	2. Examples.	\subsection*	3
112.png	3. Law.	\subsection*	3
112.png	5. Mathematical Induction.	\section*	2
112.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
112.png	2. Example.	\subsection*	3
113.png	6. Day\'s Theory of Induction.	\section*	2
114.png	7. Whately\'s Theory of Induction.	\section*	2
114.png	1. Signification of Induction.	\subsection*	3
115.png	2. The Inductive Syllogism an Enthymeme with a Suppressed	\subsection*	3
115.png	3. Necessity of Assuming a Major Premise.	\subsection*	3
116.png	4. Origin of this Major Premise.	\subsection*	3
116.png	5. Objections.	\subsection*	3
117.png	8. Mill\'s Theory of Induction.	\section*	2
117.png	Remarks	\subsection*	3
119.png	9. True\'s Theory of Induction.	\section*	2
120.png	VII. DOCTRINE OF METHOD.	\chapter*	0
120.png	1. Definition.	\section*	2
120.png	1. Definition defined.	\subsection*	3
121.png	2. Illustration.	\subsection*	3
121.png	3. Object.	\subsection*	3
121.png	4. Classification.	\subsection*	3
121.png	4. Laws.	\subsection*	3
122.png	5. Examples of Imperfect Definitions.	\subsection*	3
123.png	2. Division.	\section*	2
123.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
123.png	2. Object.	\subsection*	3
124.png	3. Classification.	\subsection*	3
124.png	4. The Principle of Division.	\subsection*	3
125.png	5. Law.	\subsection*	3
125.png	6. Rules.	\subsection*	3
126.png	7. Faulty Divisions.	\subsection*	3
126.png	3. Analysis.	\section*	2
126.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
126.png	2. Object.	\subsection*	3
126.png	3. Rule.	\subsection*	3
127.png	4. Argumentation.	\section*	2
127.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
127.png	2. Results.	\subsection*	3
127.png	3. Elements.	\subsection*	3
127.png	4. Conditions.	\subsection*	3
127.png	5. Classification.	\subsection*	3
129.png	6. Rules.	\subsection*	3
130.png	VIII. MODIFIED LOGIC.	\chapter*	0
130.png	1. Truth.	\section*	2
130.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
130.png	2. Classification.	\subsection*	3
130.png	3. Criterion.	\subsection*	3
131.png	2. Error.	\section*	2
131.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
131.png	2. Distinguished from Ignorance and Illusion.	\subsection*	3
131.png	3. Sources.	\subsection*	3
131.png	4. Remedies.	\subsection*	3
132.png	3. Investigation.	\section*	2
132.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
132.png	2. Methods.	\subsection*	3
132.png	1. Experience.	\subsubsection*	4
132.png	1. Definition.	\subsubsubsection*	5
132.png	2. Kinds.	\subsubsubsection*	5
132.png	3. Relation to Knowledge.	\subsubsubsection*	5
132.png	2. Observation and Experiment.	\subsubsection*	4
132.png	1. Definition.	\subsubsubsection*	5
133.png	2. Conditions to be observed.	\subsubsubsection*	5
133.png	3. Rules for Procedure.	\subsubsubsection*	5
133.png	4. Remark.	\subsubsubsection*	5
133.png	3. Hypothesis.	\subsubsection*	4
133.png	1. Definition.	\subsubsubsection*	5
133.png	2. Relation to the Phenomena.	\subsubsubsection*	5
134.png	4. Real Induction.	\subsubsection*	4
134.png	1. Definition.	\subsubsubsection*	5
134.png	2. Varieties.	\subsubsubsection*	5
134.png	3. Conditions.	\subsubsubsection*	5
134.png	4. Nature of the General Proposition.	\subsubsubsection*	5
135.png	5. Analogy.	\subsubsection*	4
135.png	1. Definition.	\subsubsubsection*	5
135.png	2. Conditions.	\subsubsubsection*	5
135.png	3. Nature of the Conclusion.	\subsubsubsection*	5
135.png	4. Example.	\subsubsubsection*	5
135.png	5. Refutation.	\subsubsubsection*	5
136.png	6. Illustration.	\subsubsubsection*	5
137.png	7. Uses of Analogical Argument.	\subsubsubsection*	5
137.png	8. Induction and Analogy compared.	\subsubsubsection*	5
137.png	6. Examples of Investigation.	\subsubsection*	4
137.png	1. Method of Agreement.	\subsubsubsection*	5
138.png	2. Method of Difference.	\subsubsubsection*	5
138.png	3. Method of Residues.	\subsubsubsection*	5
138.png	4. Method of Concomitant Variations.	\subsubsubsection*	5
139.png	IX. FALLACIES.	\chapter*	0
139.png	Definition and Classification.	\section*	2
139.png	1. Assumptions.	\section*	2
139.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
139.png	2. Ground of Invalidity.	\subsection*	3
139.png	3. Classes.	\subsection*	3
150.png	2. Sophisms.	\section*	2
150.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
150.png	2. Classes.	\subsection*	3
156.png	3. Aberrancies.	\section*	2
156.png	1. Definition.	\subsection*	3
156.png	2. Classes.	\subsection*	3
159.png	4. Examples of Fallacies.	\section*	2
163.png	ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS.	\part*	-1

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