.dt The Spanish Armada, 1588, by John Pine-A Project Gutenberg eBook
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THE||SPANISH ARMADA,||1588.
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THE TAPESTRY HANGINGS OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS.
REPRESENTING THE SEVERAL ENGAGEMENTS BETWEEN THE
ENGLISH AND SPANISH FLEETS.
BY
JOHN PINE, Engraver.
REPRODUCED IN HELIOTYPE FROM AN ORIGINAL COPY IN THE
COLLECTION OF CHARLES HERVEY TOWNSHEND.
WITH
An Appendix containing Biographical Sketches of the Principal English Commanders
Knighted by the Admiral at Sea, July 26, 1588.
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[Illustration]
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BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY HOUGHTON, OSGOOD AND COMPANY.
The Riverside Press, Cambridge.
1878.
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Copyright, 1878,
By CHARLES HERVEY TOWNSHEND
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[Illustration]
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RIVERSIDE, CAMBRIDGE
STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY
H. O. HOUGHTON AND COMPANY
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THE
TAPESTRY HANGINGS
OF THE
HOUSE of LORDS:
Representing the several
ENGAGEMENTS
BETWEEN THE
ENGLISH and SPANISH FLEETS,
In the ever memorable Year MDLXXXVIII,
With the
Portraits of the Lord High-Admiral, and the other
Noble Commanders, taken from the Life.
To which are added,
From a Book entitled, Expeditionis Hispanorum in Angliam\
vera Descriptio, A.D. 1588, done, as is supposed, for the\
said Tapestry to be work’d after,
Ten CHARTS of the Sea-Coasts of England,
And a General One of
England, Scotland, Ireland, France,\
Holland, &c.
Shewing the Places of Action between the two Fleets;
Ornamented with
MEDALS struck upon that Occasion,
And other suitable Devices.
Also
An Historical Account of each Day’s Action, Collected from the most Authentic\
Manuscripts and Writers.
By JOHN PINE, Engraver.
LONDON, MDCCXXXIX.
Sold by J. Pine in Old Bond Street near Picadilly.
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TO THE
K I N G.
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SIR,
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I Humbly beg Leave to present to Your
Majesty, these Representations of the
Hangings in the House of Lords, which
contain the several Victories obtained against
the King of Spain in 1588.
That the same glorious Success may attend
your Majesty, whenever your Fleets
shall be engaged with any of your Majesty’s
Enemies, is the hearty Prayer of
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Your MAJESTY’s
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Most dutiful and most obedient
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Subject and Servant,
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JOHN PINE.
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S U B S C R I B E R S.
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His Royal Highness the PRINCE of WALES.
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His Royal Highness the DUKE.
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His most Serene Highness the PRINCE of ORANGE.
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HIS Grace the Duke of St. Alban’s.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_His Grace the Duke of Ancaster.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_His Grace the Duke of Argyll and Greenwich.
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Trinity College Library in the University of Cambridge.
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His Grace the Duke of Devonshire.
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The Right Honourable the Earl of Darnley.
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In the University of Oxford the following Libraries,
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N A M E S\_\_\_O M I T T E D.
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The Right Honourable the Lord Petre.
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AN||ACCOUNT||OF THE||SPANISH INVASION
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In the Year mdlxxxviii.
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THE Defeat of the Spanish Armada
being the most glorious Victory that
was ever obtained at Sea, and the
most important to the British Nation, every
Method deserves some Praise, that may in a
suitable Manner propagate the Memory of it.
Our Ancestors, that were personally interested
in it, were so careful it should not pass into
Oblivion, that they procured the Engagements
between the two Fleets to be represented in ten
curious Pieces of Tapestry, with the Portraits
of the several English Captains, taken from the
Life, worked in the Borders, which are now
placed, some in the Royal Wardrobe, some in
the House of Lords, the most august Assembly
of the Kingdom, there to remain as a lasting
Memorial of the Triumphs of British Valour,
guided by British Counsels. But because Time,
or Accident, or Moths may deface these valuable
Shadows, we have endeavoured to preserve
their Likeness in the preceding Prints,
which, by being multiplied and dispersed in
various Hands, may meet with that Security
from the Closets of the Curious, which
the Originals must scarce always hope for,
even from the Sanctity of the Place they are
kept in.
Thus far we have been able to go within
our own Province; but as a more particular
Detail of the Circumstances of this glorious
Expedition, which lye blended in our Histories
with other Matters, may not be altogether
unacceptable, we shall beg Leave to offer
the following brief Account of it, collected
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from the most authentic Writers and Manuscripts.
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SECT. I.
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THE Author and Undertaker of this ever
memorable Expedition was Philip II.
King of Spain, eldest Son of the renowned Emperor
Charles V. In the Year 1554, he married
Mary I. Queen of England, with a View of uniting,
by this Marriage, the English Dominions
to those large and noble Territories of which he
was Heir-Apparent. But all his Projects were
defeated by a False-Conception the Queen had
in 1555; and especially by her Death, which
happened on Novemb. 17, 1558.—In 1555,
October 25, he became King of Spain, and the
Dominions and Territories thereunto belonging,
upon the voluntary Resignation of his Father
Charles V.
As to King Philip’s real Views and Motives
in this Expedition, they seem to have been
these:
I. A firm Hope and certain Prospect as he
imagin’d, of easily acquiring so considerable an
Addition to his Dominions, as the flourishing
Kingdoms of England and Ireland. Kingdoms
whose Advantages and Excellencies he was well
acquainted withal; and from whence he could
be continually supplied with Tin, Lead, Wool,
and many other useful, necessary, and profitable
Commodities.
II. He was also excited by another Motive,
which is generally sufficient for Conquerors;
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and it was this: England and Ireland stood
very convenient for him, as being near his Dominions
in the Low-Countries; and might, by
their advantageous Situation, and the many
good Harbours they abound with, have rendered
him Master of the Trade and Navigation
of these Northern Parts of the World; and,
what is more, they would have enabled him to
carry it on throughout all North and South-America,
exclusively of all others; which is such
an Advantage as cannot well be expressed.
III. Moreover these Islands had proved, and
might always prove a grievous Thorn in his
Side. For, by reason of their Situation, the
English could, at any Time, almost totally obstruct
the Navigation of the Netherlands, and
destroy all their Traffick by Sea. Because, as
it must unavoidably be carried on almost within
Sight of the British Coasts, so long as the
Inhabitants of those Islands remained independent
of him[#], and were Masters at Sea, they
could seize, with the utmost Ease, the Shipping
sent from the Ports of Flanders to the several
Parts of the World. What lay therefore so
convenient, and was in other Hands so dangerous
a Neighbour, must be purchas’d at any
Rate.
IV. Revenge may be assigned as another
Motive of this Expedition. Queen Elizabeth
had assisted all along the States of the United
Provinces, in their several Attempts to shake
off the Spanish Yoke. Now, that surely was
a very great Provocation: And Forgiveness of
Injuries, it is well known, was then, no more
than at present, a Spaniard’s Virtue. To be
revenged therefore of such a constant Enemy as
Elizabeth had been, may well be suppos’d to
have been an additional Inducement to this Undertaking.
V. This other important Motive is assigned
by Hakluyt[#]: “King Philip deemed this to
be the most ready and direct Course, to recover
his hereditary Possession of the Low-Countries.
For, having with little Advantage,
for above twenty Years together, waged
War against the Netherlands, after mature
Deliberation, he thought it most convenient
to assault them once more by Sea, which had
been fruitlessly attempted several Times before
for want of sufficient Forces. And he
thought good to begin with England, being
persuaded, that the Conquest of that Island
was less difficult than the Conquest of Holland
and Zealand. Moreover, the Spaniards
were of Opinion, that it would be far more
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behoveful for their King to conquer England
and the Low-Countries at once, than to be
constrained continually to maintain a warlike
Navy, to defend his East and West-India
Fleets from the English.”
.tb
These (with a Desire of restoring the Roman-Catholick
Religion) seem to have been the real
and true Motives of this great Expedition.
The Reasons alleged by Philip were these[#]:
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I. That Elizabeth had, from the first assisted
his rebellious Subjects in the Netherlands,
with Men and Money, and spirited them up
against him, her greatest Friend and Benefactor;
whom she was indebted to for her Life, when
her Sister Queen Mary and Gardiner were
for removing her out of the Way.
II. Drake, and others of her Subjects, had
committed several Depredations in Spain and
America.
III. She had been so unnatural as to stop
his Money, when, for fear of Pirates, it had
been landed in her Dominions; and had put an
Embargo on the Vessels employed to carry it
to the Low-Countries: (As is related by Camden,
under the Year 1568.)
IV. She had acknowledged his Enemy Don
Antonio King of Portugal, and armed him against
Spain.
V. That it was by her Instruction and Advice
the Duke of Alençon had been crowned
King of Brabant.
VI. And, moreover, she herself had accepted
the Sovereignty of the Low-Countries, and
sent the Earl of Leicester thither with considerable
Forces; which was an open Declaration
of War.
VII. That he undertook it, to revenge the
Death of the innocent Queen of Scots.
VIII. And in Compliance with the Holy Father
Innocent VIII.’s earnest Injunctions, who
ceased not to exhort and importune him, to abolish
Heresy in England, and replant the Roman-Catholick
Religion there.
.tb
In short therefore, the Aim and Design of
the King of Spain in this great Expedition, was
to conquer England, in order to come more
easily at the revolted Netherlands, and facilitate
their Reduction to his Obedience; as also,
for the Sake of so meritorious an Action, as
the bringing this Island back to the Catholick
Religion: And to be revenged, at the same
Time, for the Disgrace, Contempt, and Dishonour,
he had, at several Times, received from
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the English Nation; and for divers others real
or pretended Injuries, which had made a deep
Impression on his proud and revengeful Spirit.
Animated and spurred on by these Motives,
King Philip made such vast Preparations for
his intended Conquest, as had hardily ever been
known before in any Age, or Nation: Whether
we consider the Time spent about them;
or the prodigious Strength and Quantity of the
Materials of all Kinds that were provided.
As for the Time spent about these Preparations;
King Philip seems to have form’d this
Design as early as the Year 1583. [#]For, in
that Year, he ordered Alexander Duke of
Parma, Governor of the Low-Countries, to
procure an exact Account and Description of
the Harbours, Castles, Rivers, and Roads belonging
to England, and transmit them to him;
which was accordingly done: And in this
Francis Throckmorton appears to have been
concerned. But, according to Rapin, [#]this
Project was formed by Philip only from the
Time Mary Queen of Scots had been persuaded
to convey to him her Right to England,
as being the only Means to restore the Catholick
Religion[#]: According to the received
Maxim in the Church of Rome, That an Heretick
is unworthy and incapable of enjoying a
Crown; Philip thought he might justly claim
that of England, as being the next Catholick
Prince descended from the House of Lancaster;
namely, from Catharine Daughter of John of
Ghent Duke of Lancaster, married in 1389 to
Henry, then Prince, and afterwards King, of
Castile. Upon this Descent therefore, and the
Queen of Scots Conveyance and Will, he had
projected the Conquest of England.
However it be, or whenever these Preparations
were begun, it is certain that King Philip
assembled so powerful a Fleet, and so well furnished
with all kinds of Provisions and Ammunition,
that, thinking it unconquerable by
human Power, he gave it the Title of the
Invincible Armada.
[#]This Fleet consisted of one hundred and
thirty two Ships, (besides twenty Caravels for
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the Service of the Army, and ten Salves with
six Oars apiece,) containing fifty nine thousand
one hundred, and twenty Tons; three thousand,
one hundred, and sixty five Cannons; eight
thousand, seven hundred, and sixty six Sailors;
two thousand and eighty eight Galley-Slaves,
and twenty one thousand, eight hundred, and
fifty five Soldiers; besides Noblemen and Voluntiers[#].
For there was not a Family in Spain
of any Note, but what had a Son, a Brother,
or a Kinsman in the Fleet[#]. Of these Voluntiers
there were two hundred and twenty four;
attended by four hundred and fifty six Servants
bearing Arms.
There were also two hundred and thirty
eight Gentlemen more, maintained by the
King; with one hundred and sixty three Servants.
An hundred and seventy seven Persons,
with two Engineers, one Physician, one Surgeon,
and thirty Servants belonging to the Artillery;
eighty five Physicians and Surgeons
for the Hospital-Ships; three and twenty Gentlemen
belonging to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia’s
Court, and fifty Servants; seventeen
Superintendants General of the Army; and
one hundred Servants more, belonging to them,
or to the Officers of Justice, who were twenty
in Number[#].
Nay even there were in it one hundred and
eighty Capuchins, Dominicans, Jesuits, and
Mendicant Friars; with Martin Alarco, Vicar
of the Inquisition.
And because none were allowed to have
Wives or Concubines on board, some Women
had hired Ships to follow the Fleet; two or
three of which Ships were driven by the Storm
on the Coast of France[#].
Most of the Ships of this Armada[#] were
of an uncommon Size, Strength, and Thickness,
more like floating Castles than any thing
else; and they were cased above Water with
thick Planks to hinder the Cannon-Balls from
piercing their Sides. The Masts also were
braced round with strong pitched Ropes, to
save them from being soon shatter’d or broke
by the Shot.
.bn p004a.png
.pn +1
Then as to Ammunition, [#]this Fleet had
a very great Number of Cannons, double Cannons,
Culverins, and Field-Pieces for Land-Service;
seven thousand Muskets and Calievers;
ten thousand Halberts and Partizans;
one hundred and twenty thousand Cannon-Balls;
[#]one hundred Quintals of Lead for
Bullets (each Quintal being a hundred weight,)
twelve thousand Quintals of Match; fifty six
thousand Quintals of Gunpowder; and also,
Waggons, and other Carriages; Horses, Mules,
and other Instruments and Necessaries for Conveyance
by Land; Torches, Lanthorns, Canvas,
Hides, Lead; Chains, Whips, Butchering-Knives,
Halters, and other Instruments of
Death and Slavery[#]; and Spades, Mattocks,
Baskets, and every thing else requisite for Pioneers
Work; as also eight hundred Mules for
drawing the Ordnance and Carriages.
Proportionable to these Forces was their great
Store of Provisions of every Sort: [#]for, besides
Raisins in great abundance, they had
eight thousand Quintals of Fish; three thousand
Quintals of Rice; six thousand three
hundred and twenty [#]Septiers of Beans, Pease,
&c. eleven thousand three hundred and ninety
eight Pounds of Olive-Oyl; thirty three
thousand eight hundred and seventy Measures
of Vinegar; ninety six thousand Quintals of
Biscuit; three thousand four hundred and fifty
eight Quintals of Goats Cheese; six thousand
five hundred Quintals of Bacon; one hundred
and forty seven thousand Pipes of Wine;
twelve thousand Pipes of Water, &c.—Provisions
in a word they had for six Months;
and so well furnished were they, that Sir Francis
Drake observes, in a Letter of his, [#]they
had Provisions of Bread and Wine sufficient
to maintain forty thousand Men for a whole
Year.
The whole Fleet, in general, is said[#] to
have contained thirty two thousand Persons, and
cost every Day thirty thousand Ducats[#].
The General of the Land Forces, and the
Commander in Chief in the whole Expedition,
was Don Alfonso Perez de Guzman, Duke of
Medina Sidonia; and the Admiral was Don
Juan Martinez de Recalde.
But it was not in Spain only, that such
great Preparations were carrying on, for the
.bn p004b.png
.pn +1
Invasion of England. For, Alexander Duke
of Parma was also making on his Side prodigious
and amazing Preparations, to assist in this
grand Design.
He gathered together out of Spain, France,
Savoy, Italy, Naples, Sicily, Germany, and even
out of America, a very considerable and
choice Army; [#]consisting of about forty thousand
Foot, and three thousand Horse; out of
which he selected thirty thousand Foot, and
eighteen hundred Horse, that were to be ready
to pass into England. These Troops were
quarter’d as follows: [#]Near Nieuport there
lay ready thirty Companies of Italians; ten of
Walloons; and eight of Scots, and as many of
Burgundians: At Dixmude were eighty Companies
of Netherlanders; sixty of Spaniards;
sixty of Germans; and above seven hundred
fugitive English, Scots, and Irish, under the
Command of Sir William Stanley, and Charles
Nevil Earl of Westmoreland. There were
moreover four thousand Men posted at Corrick,
and nine hundred at Watene.
For the Transportation of these Forces, the
Duke of Parma prepar’d Ships at Nieuport,
Dunkirk, Antwerp, and other Places; and
caused some new ones to be built with such
Expedition, that they seem’d, as Strada expresses
it, [#]to be transform’d in a Moment,
from Trees into Ships.
More particularly: [#]In the River of Watten
he caused seventy flat-bottom’d Boats to be
built, each of which could carry thirty Horses;
and to each of them were Bridges fitted for the
convenient Shipping, or Landing of the Horses.
There were in most of them, two Ovens for
baking Bread, with a great Quantity of Saddles,
Bridles, Harness, and a good Number of
Draught-Horses, to draw the Engines, Cannons,
and other Ammunition, after the Spaniards
should be landed. Of the same Form
he had provided two hundred other Vessels at
Nieuport, but not so large. And at Dunkirk
he had assembled thirty eight Men of War;
for the navigating of which, he had hired Sailors
from Bremen, Hamburgh, Emden, and
Genoa. In their Ballast he had put a great
Quantity of Beams, or thick Planks, sharpned
at the Ends, and covered with Iron; but full
of Clasps and Hooks on the Sides, that they
.bn p005a.png
.pn +1
might be easily joined together. At Graveling,
he had provided twenty thousand Casks, which
might in a short Time be fastened together
with Nails and Cords, and reduced into the
Form of a Bridge. Whatever, in a Word, was
necessary for making Bridges, or for choaking
up the Mouths of Havens and Rivers, was by
him got in readiness. And he had even caused
a great Pile of wooden Faggots to be laid
near Nieuport, for erecting a Mount or Rampart.
Whilst he was thus furnishing himself
with all proper Vessels and other Necessaries,
he caused the shallow and sandy Places of Rivers
to be cleared; and had deep Channels cut
in proper Places, from Ghent to Ysendyck,
Sluys, and Nieuport, on purpose to convey the
Ships built at Antwerp, Ghent, &c. into the
Sea. Finally, he assembled at Bruges above
one hundred Hoys loaden with Provisions,
which he designed to bring into the Ports of
Flanders, either by the Way of Sluys, or
through the forementioned Channels.
The Duke of Guise had also twelve thousand
Men on the Coast of Normandy, ready
to land in the West of England as soon as
the Spanish Armada had enter’d the Channel[#];
but the Spaniards coming two Months
later than they intended, (or for some other
Reasons) the Duke dismissed his Forces about
the End of June.
And that this famous Expedition might be
supported with spiritual as well as temporal
Weapons[#], Pope Sixtus V created William
Allen, a seditious English Priest, Cardinal; and
sent him as his Legate into the Low-Countries,
with a Bull; wherein, after enumerating the
several Causes of Complaint the See of Rome
had against Queen Elizabeth, (namely her suppressing
the Catholic Religion, her putting the
Queen of Scots to Death, &c.) he renewed
and confirmed the Sentence of Excommunication
pronounced against her by his Predecessors
Pius V and Gregory XIII, deprived her, as
illegitimate, and an Usurper, from all Princely
Dignity, and Dominion over the Kingdoms of
England and Ireland; absolved her Subjects
from their Allegiance; and strictly enjoined
them, upon Pain of God Almighty’s Displeasure,
not to lend her any Help or Assistance,
but to join the Spanish Army, and the Duke
of Parma’s Forces, as soon as they should be
landed: Promising withal a plenary Indulgence
and the Pardon of all their Sins, to as
.bn p005b.png
.pn +1
many as would engage in so laudable an Undertaking.
.tb
Such were the extraordinary Preparations
made by the Spaniards for invading England.
Preparations so great and so dreadful, that all
Europe was alarmed at them. Most Sovereigns
expected for some Time, with the utmost Horror
and Astonishment, where the threatening
Storm, which had been so long gathering,
would at last fall. But this, though kept as
a great Secret, did not long escape the great
Sir Francis Walsingham’s Sagacity. [#]He had
Intelligence from Madrid, that King Philip
had told his Council, he had dispatched an Express
to Rome with a Letter writ with his own
Hand to the Pope, acquainting him with the
true Design of his Preparations, and asking his
Blessing upon it; which for some Reasons he
would not yet disclose to them, ’till the Return
of the Courier. The Secret being thus lodg’d
with the Pope, Walsingham, by the means of
a Venetian Priest retain’d at Rome as his Spy,
got a Copy of the original Letter, which was
stolen out of the Pope’s Cabinet by a Gentleman
of the Bed-Chamber, who took the Keys
out of the Pope’s Pocket whilst he slept. Upon
this Intelligence Walsingham found a Way
to retard the Spanish Invasion for a whole
Year, by getting the Spanish Bills protested at
Genoa, which should have supplied them with
Money to carry on their Preparations.
Queen Elizabeth, it may well be supposed,
could not help being extremely anxious about
the issue of the great and dreadful Preparations
that were going on, to deprive her of her
Crown and Dignity, and perhaps of her [#]Life.
This inclined her more readily to embrace
some Overtures of Peace, made to her by the
Spaniard[#]: But it being soon found out that
they were intended only to lull her asleep, and
induce her, by depending upon a Peace, to be
careless of her own Defence; and moreover,
Henry III King of France sending her Word,
[#]she ought to stand upon her Guard; she did
not therefore rely much on the Negociations
in hand, but took all proper Measures for securing
herself, and protecting her Dominions.
Her Situation was indeed very melancholy,
and her Fears well grounded: For she was
without so much as one Ally abroad, except
the United-Provinces, which themselves wanted
Assistance; and at home she had a factious and
.bn p006a.png
.pn +1
discontented Party, ready to join with the Enemy:
But, by the Assistance of Heaven, by
her good Management, and the sincere Affection
of the Generality of her People, she surmounted
all Difficulties, and came off Conqueror.
When she was sure the Spaniards Preparations
were design’d against her, that she might
not be taken unprovided, she fitted out as strong
a Fleet as she possibly could; and herein so
great was the Diligence of her Subjects, [#]that
though her Preparations were begun but about
the
.if h
1^{st}
.if-
.if t
1st
.if-
of November 1587, yet her Fleet was
ready to put to Sea by the
.if h
20^{th}
.if-
.if t
20th
.if-
of December
the same Year.
[#]Charles Lord Howard of Effingham, High
Admiral of England, a Person of great Prudence
and Bravery, was appointed Commander
in Chief of this whole Fleet. His Instructions
were, To repair to the Westward, in conjunction
with Sir Francis Drake Vice-Admiral,
and Captain John Hawkins, and Captain Martin
Frobisher Rear-Admirals: At the same
Time, the Lord Henry Seymour, second Son
of the late Duke of Somerset, had Orders to
lye on the Coast of Flanders, with forty English
and Dutch Ships (the latter under the
Command of Justin of Nassau, Admiral of
Zealand) to prevent the Duke of Parma’s putting
out to Sea with his Forces.
For Land Service, there were disposed along
the Southern Coasts of England twenty thousand
Men. Besides which, two Armies were
raised of choice, well-disciplin’d, and experienced
Men; one (under the Command of Robert
Dudley Earl of Leicester, consisting of
one thousand Horse, and twenty two thousand
Foot,) was encamped at Tilbury, near the
Thames Mouth, for the Safeguard of the City
of London; because it was given out that the
Spaniards, after having joined the Duke of
Parma, intended to come up the Thames,
in order to make themselves Masters of the
Metropolis of the Kingdom. The other Army,
under the Command of Henry Carey Lord
Hunsdon, consisted of thirty four thousand
Foot, and two thousand Horse, and was destined
to guard the Queen’s Person.
Arthur Lord Grey, Sir Francis Knolles,
Sir John Norris, Sir Richard Bingham, and
Sir Roger Williams, Knights, and excellent
Soldiers, were chosen to consult about the best
Way of managing the War at Land. After
mature Deliberation, they thought fit that the
.bn p006b.png
.pn +1
most convenient Landing-Places for the Enemy,
as well out of Spain as out of the Low-Countries,
should be well mann’d and fortify’d, namely
Milford-Haven, Falmouth, Plymouth, Portland,
the Isle of Wight, Portsmouth, the open
Coast of Kent called the Downs, the Thames
Mouth, Harwich, Yarmouth, Hull, &c. that
the Train’d Bands, all along the Maritime
Counties, should meet in Arms upon a Signal
given, to defend the said Ports, and do their
best to prevent the Enemy’s landing; and, in
Case of their landing, that they should lay all
the Country waste round about, and leave
neither Booty nor Forage for them; that they
should annoy them Night and Day with continual
Alarms, so as to give them no Rest;
but not venture the Hazard of a Battle, ’till
more Commanders with their Companies should
come up; of whom one in every Shire was
nominated Chief.
Moreover, the active Queen, in order to
quicken the Zeal and Diligence of her Subjects,
especially of those who lay near the Sea-Coasts,
caused Letters to be sent to the chief
of them: Wherein, after putting them in mind
of the common and imminent Danger the
whole Nation was in, she told them, that she
“expected on this extraordinary Occasion, a
larger Proportion of Furniture, both for
Horsemen and Footmen; thereby to be in
their best Strength against any Attempt whatsoever,
to be employed, whether about her
own Person, or otherwise. And the Number
she required them to signify to her Privy-Council[#].”
She required moreover the
Nobility in the several Counties, to provide
themselves, and their Servants and Dependants
in like manner, with Horses and Armour, to
be ready to repair upon Summons to the Queen,
for Defence of her Person: And to this Purpose
Letters were address’d to them from the
Lords of the Council, by her Command.
Such were the Directions given. [#]And accordingly
Cities, Counties, Towns, and Villages,
the Cinque-Ports, and all other Havens
of England, manifested as great Forwardness
in their zealous Love and Duty, as either Subjects
could perform, or Prince expect. The
City of London, in particular, being requested
by the Privy-Council, to find five thousand
Men, and fifteen Ships, they willingly and
cheerfully furnished thirty Ships provided with
all Necessaries, and ten thousand able Men,
well armed and trained; besides which, they
.bn p007a.png
.pn +1
kept in readiness thirty thousand Men more,
prepared to march wherever there should be
Occasion[#]; and also lent the Queen fifty
one thousand nine hundred Pounds, in ready
Money.
Then, as to the rest of the Nation: [#]As
soon as it was reported that the Queen was
come near London, and the Spanish Fleet appeared
in the Channel, the greatest Part of
the Nobility, except those that were obliged
to stay in each County on account of their
Offices, repaired to London, to preserve the
Queen’s Person; bringing with them goodly
Bands of Horsemen, about five thousand in
all, and maintaining them at their own Charge
’till the Spanish Navy was known to be passed
beyond Scotland: These were the Lord
Chancellor Hatton, the Earls of Lincoln, Warwick,
Leicester, Essex, Worcester, and Hereford;
the Lord Viscount Montacute; the Lords
Burghley, Compton, Morley, Rich, Dacres,
Windsor, Audley, Sandes, Mordaunt, Lumley,
Mountjoy, Stourton, and Darcy.
In a Word, all Persons throughout England
in general, unanimously concurred to be
ready to serve for the Defence of the Queen
and Kingdom[#]: In this there was no Difference
between the Catholic and the Protestant,
but herein appeared a perfect Sympathy, Concourse,
and Consent of all Sorts of Persons,
without respect of Religion. By this hearty
Zeal, seconded with suitable Endeavours, it
came to pass, that some Counties were able to
bring into the Field twenty thousand, and others
even forty thousand able fighting Men:
The Maritime Counties, in particular, on the
South and East of England, from Cornwall
to Lincolnshire, were so well furnished with a
stout and well regulated Militia, that there
was no Place for landing foreign Forces, but
within eight and forty Hours there could resort
to that Place above twenty thousand fighting
Men, with Ordnance and other suitable
Provisions.
And that the Popish discontented Party at
home might neither join the Enemy, nor favour
their Descent, the Queen caused the most
.bn p007b.png
.pn +1
obnoxious of them to be imprisoned in Wisbich-Castle
in the Isle of Ely.
She also directed [#]Sir William Fitz-Williams,
Lord Deputy of Ireland, what to do,
in case the Enemy should land in any Part of
his Government, and pointed out to him what
Precautions he should use to hinder the Irish
from rising.
There remained only the King of Scots, of
whom Queen Elizabeth had most Reason to
be afraid; since she had newly given him an
unpardonable Provocation, namely, in causing
his Mother to be publickly beheaded, who was
a Sovereign Princess, independent of her. This
was sufficient to dispose him, out of a Principle
of Revenge, to favour the Descent of the
Spaniards in one Extremity of the Kingdom,
by making a Diversion in the other. With
that View he had been tampered with by the
Duke of Parma, and had received from him
Offers of Assistance[#]: But the politic Queen
so effectually caress’d him, made him such advantageous
Proposals, and so plainly convinc’d
him, that the Loss of England would not fail
of being attended with that of Scotland[#]; that
he, sensible of the common Danger wherewith
he was threatened, declar’d the Spaniards Enemies,
and made Preparations against them
with great Chearfulness and Alacrity: [#]Giving
a strict Charge upon all the Sea-Coasts,
that the Spaniards should not be suffered to
land in any Part, but that the English might
land, and be reliev’d of any Wants: [#]He
moreover offer’d Queen Elizabeth his Forces,
his Person, and all that he could command,
to be employed against the common Enemy:
And he humourously observ’d upon this Occasion[#],
That he look’d for no other Favour
from the Spaniards, than what Polyphemus promis’d
Ulysses, that he should be reserv’d for the
last Morsel.
.tb
After this general Account, the Reader will
undoubtedly be pleased to see a particular
List of the Fleets on both Sides, which I have
accordingly subjoined hereunto.
.bn p008a.png
.pn +1
.sp 2
.h3
SECT. II.
.sp 2
.nf c
A complete List of the Spanish Fleet, called
the Invincible Armada[#].
.nf-
.sp 2
.in 4
.ti -4
The Squadron of Portuguese Galleons, &c. under the
particular Command of the Generalissimo, the Duke
of Medina Sidonia.
.in 0
.ta h:30 r:5 r:5 r:5 r:5
| | | Number of | Number of
Ships. | Burden Tuns. | Guns. | Mariners. | Soldiers.
The St. Martin, Captain General of all the Fleet, | 1000 | 50 | 177 | 300
St. John, Admiral General, | 1050 | 50 | 170 | 231
St. Mark, | 792 | | 117 | 292
St. Philip, | 800 | 40 | 117 | 415
St. Lewis, | 830 | 40 | 116 | 376
St. Matthew, | 750 | 40 | 50 | 177
St. James, | 520 | 30 | 100 | 300
Galleon of Florence, | 961 | 52 | 100 | 300
St. Christopher, | 352 | 30 | 90 | 300
St. Bernard, | 352 | 30 | 100 | 280
Zabra Augusta, | 166 | 13 | 55 | 55
Zabra Julia, | 166 | 14 | 50 | 60
_
|7739 |389 |1242 |3086
_
.ta-
.sp 2
The Fleet of Biscay, commanded by Don Juan Martinez
de Recalde, Captain General.
.ta h:30 r:5 r:5 r:5 r:5
St. Ann, Admiral, | 768 | 30 | 114| 323
Grangrina, Admiral, | 1160 | 36 | 100| 300
St. James, | 660 | 30 | 102| 250
Conception of Zubelzu, | 468 | 20 | 70| 100
Conception of Juan del Cavo, | 418 | 24 | 70| 164
Magdalena de Juan Francesco d’ Ayala, | 330 | 22 | 70| 200
St. John, | 350 | 24 | 80| 130
Mary, | 165 | 24 | 100| 180
Manuel, | 520 | 16 | 54| 130
St. Mary de Monte Majore, | 707 | 30 | 50| 220
Mary of Aguiare, | 70 | 10 | 23| 30
Isabella, | 71 | 12 | 23| 30
Michael de Susa, | 96 | 12 | 24| 30
St. Stephen, | 78 | 12 | 26| 30
_
|5861 | 302 | 906|2117
_
.ta-
.sp 2
The Fleet of Castile, commanded by Don Diego Florez
de Valdez, General.
.ta h:30 r:5 r:5 r:5 r:5
The St. Christopher Galleon, General, | 700 | 40 | 120| 205
St. John Baptist Galleon, | 750 | 30 | 140| 250
St. Peter Galleon, | 530 | 40 | 140| 130
St. John Galleon, | 530 | 30 | 120| 170
St. James the Great Galleon, | 530 | 30 | 132| 230
St. Philip and St. James Galleon, | 530 | 30 | 116| 159
Ascension Galleon, | 530 | 30 | 114| 220
Galleon of our Lady del Barrio, | 130 | 30 | 108| 170
Galleon of St. Medel and Celedon, | 530 | 30 | 110| 170
St. Anne Galleon, | 250 | 24 | 80| 100
Ship, Our Lord of Vigonia, | 750 | 30 | 130| 190
Trinity, | 780 | 30 | 122| 200
St. Katherine, | 862 | 30 | 160| 200
St. John Baptist, | 659 | 30 | 130| 200
Pinnace of our Lady della Rosaria, | | 24 | 25| 30
St. Anthony of Padua Pinnace, | | 16 | 46| 300
_
|8054 |474 |1793|2924
_
.ta-
.sp 2
.bn p008b.png
.pn +1
The Andalusian Squadron, commanded by Don Pedro de Valdez, General.
.ta h:30 r:5 r:5 r:5 r:5
The General-Ship, | 1550 | 50 | 118 | 304
St. Francis Admiral, | 915 | 30 | 60 | 230
St. John Baptist Galleon, | 810 | 40 | 40 | 250
St. Gargeran, | 569 | 20 | 60 | 170
Conception, | 862 | 25 | 65 | 200
Duquesa St. Ann, | 900 | 30 | 80 | 250
Trinity, | 650 | 20 | 80 | 200
St. Mary de Juncar, | 730 | 30 | 80 | 240
St. Katherine, | 730 | 30 | 80 | 259
St. Bartholomew, | 730 | 30 | 80 | 225
Holy Ghost Pinnace, | | 10 | 33 | 40
_
| 8692 |315 | 776 |2359
_
.ta-
.sp 2
The Squadron of Guypuscoa, commanded by Don Mighel
de Oquenda.
.ta h:30 r:5 r:5 r:5 r:5
St. Ann, General, |1200| 50| 60 |300
Ship, Our Lady of the Rose, Admiral, | 945| 30| 64 |230
St. Saviour, | 958| 30| 50 |330
St. Stephen, | 936| 30| 70 |200
St. Martha, | 548| 25| 70 |180
St. Barba, | 525| 15| 50 |160
St. Bonaventura, | 369| 15| 60 |170
Mary, | 291| 15| 40 |120
Santa Cruce, | 680| 20| 40 |150
Ursa doncella Hulk, | 500| 18| 40 |160
Annunciation Pinnace, | 60| 12| 16 | 30
St. Barnaby, | 60| 12| 16 | 30
Magdalene, | 60| 12| 16 | 30
Pinnace, Our Lady of Guadalupe, | 60| 12| 16 | 30
_
|7192| 296|608 |2120
_
.ta-
.sp 2
The Eastern Fleet of Ships, called Levantiscas, commanded
by Don Martinez de Vertendona.
.ta h:30 r:5 r:5 r:5 r:5
The Ragazone, General, | 1294 | 35 | 90 | 350
Rama, Admiral, | 728 | 30 | 80 | 210
Rata, St. Mary, crowned, | 820 | 40 | 90 | 340
St. John of Cecilia, | 880 | 30 | 70 | 290
Trinity Valencera, | 1000 | 41 | 90 | 240
Annunciation, | 730 | 30 | 90 | 200
St. Nicolas, Prodaveli, | 834 | 30 | 84 | 280
Juliana, | 780 | 36 | 80 | 330
St. Mary of Pison, | 666 | 22 | 80 | 250
Trinity Escala, | 900 | 25 | 90 | 302
_
|8632 |319 | 844 |2792
_
.ta-
.sp 2
The Fleet of Ships, called Urcas, or Hulks, commanded
by Don Juan Lopez de Medina.
.ta h:30 r:5 r:5 r:5 r:5
Great Griffin, General, | 650 | 40 | 60 | 240
St. Saviour, Admiral, | 650 | 30 | 60 | 230
Sea Dog, | 200 | 10 | 30 | 80
White Falcon, | 500 | 18 | 40 | 160
Black Castle, | 750 | 25 | 50 | 250
Bark of Hamburg, | 600 | 25 | 50 | 250
House of Peace, | 600 | 25 | 50 | 250
St. Peter the Greater, | 600 | 25 | 50 | 250
Sampson, | 600 | 25 | 50 | 250
St. Peter the Less, | 600 | 25 | 50 | 250
Bark of Dantzick, | 450 | 26 | 50 | 210
White Falcon, Mediana, | 300 | 18 | 30 | 80
St. Andrew, | 400 | 15 | 40 | 160
Little House of Peace, | 350 | 15 | 40 | 160
Flying Raven, | 400 | 18 | 40 | 210
White Dove, | 250 | 12 | 30 | 60
Adventure, | 600 | 19 | 40 | 60
Santa Barba, | 600 | 19 | 40 | 60
Cat, | 400 | 9 | 30 | 50
St. Gabriel, | 280 | 9 | 25 | 50
Esayas, | 280 | 9 | 25 | 50
St. James, | 600 | 19 | 40 | 60
Peter Martin, | 200 | 30 | 30 | 80
_
|10860| 466 |950|4170
_
.ta-
.sp 2
Pataches and Zabras commanded by Don Antonio de
Mendoza.
.ta h:30 r:5 r:5 r:5 r:5
Our Lady del Pilar de Saragossa, | 300 | 12 | 50 | 120
English Charity, | 180 | 12 | 36 | 80
St. Andrew of Scotland, | 150 | 12 | 30 | 51
Crucifix, | 150 | 8 | 30 | 50
Our Lady of the Port, | 150 | 8 | 30 | 50
Conception of Caraffa, | 70 | 8 | 30 | 50
Our Lady of Begova, | 70 | 8 | 30 | 50
Conception of Capitillo, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 50
St. Hieronymus, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
Our Lady of Grace, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
Conception of Francis Lastero, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
Our Lady of Guadalupe, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
St. Francis, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
Holy Ghost, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
Our Lady of Frenesda, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
Zabra of the Trinity, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
Zabra of our Lady del Castro, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
St. Andrew, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
Conception, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
Conception of Sommariba, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
Santa Clara, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
St. Katherine, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
St. John de Caraffa, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
Assumption, | 60 | 8 | 30 | 60
_
|2090 | 204 | 746 |1103
_
.ta-
.sp 2
The four Galleasses of Naples, commanded by Don
Hugo de Moncada.
.ta h:30 r:5 r:5 r:5 r:5
St. Laurence General, | 50 | |130 | 270
Patrona, | 50 | |112 | 180
Girona, | 50 | |120 | 170
Neopolitana, | 50 | |115 | 124
_
|200 | |477 | 744
_
.ta-
These four Galleasses had Slaves 1200.
.sp 2
The four Gallies of Portugal, commanded by Don Diego de Medrana.
.ta h:30 r:5 r:5 r:5 r:5
The Capitana, | 50 | | 106 | 110
Princess, | 50 | | 106 | 110
Diana, | 50 | | 106 | 110
Vazana, | 50 | | 106 | 110
_
|200 | | 424 | 440
_
.ta-
In these four Gallies were Slaves 888.
.sp 2
.bn p009b.png
.pn +1
.nf c
The List of the English Fleet[#].
.nf-
.sp 2
.ta h:20 r:5 r:5 h:30
Ships.| Tuns. | Sailors. | Captains.
The Ark Raleigh, | 800 | 425 | The Lord Charles Howard, Lord High Admiral.
Elizabeth Bonaventure,| 600 | 250 | The Earl of Cumberland.
Rainbow, | 500 | 250 | The Lord Henry Seymor.
Golden Lion, | 500 | 250 | The Lord Thomas Howard.
White Bear, | 1000 | 500 | The Lord Edmund Sheffield.
Vanguard, | 500 | 250 | Sir William Winter.
Revenge, | 500 | 250 | Sir Francis Drake, Vice-Admiral.
Elizabeth Jonas, | 900 | 500 | Sir Robert Southwell.
Victory, | 800 | 400 | Sir John Hawkins, Rear-Admiral.
Antelope, | 400 | 160 | Sir Henry Palmer.
Triumph, | 1100 | 500 | Sir Martin Forbisher.
Dreadnought, | 400 | 200 | Sir George Beeston.
Mary-Rose, | 600 | 250 | Edward Fenton.
Nonpareil, | 500 | 250 | Thomas Fennar.
Hope, | 600 | 250 | Robert Cross.
Galley Bonavolta, | | 250 | William Buroughs.
Swift-sure, | 400 | 200 | Edward Fennar.
Swallow, | 300 | 160 | Richard Hawkins.
Foresight, | 300 | 160 | Christopher Baker.
Aid, | 250 | 120 | William Fennar.
Bull, | 200 | 100 | Jeremy Turner.
Tyger, | 200 | 100 | John Bostock.
Tramontana, | 150 | 70 | Luke Ward.
Scout, | 120 | 70 | Henry Ashley.
Achates, | 100 | 60 | George Rigges.
Charles, | 70 | 40 | John Roberts.
Moon, | 60 | 40 | Alexander Clifford.
Advice, | 50 | 40 | John Harris.
Spy, | 50 | 40 | Ambrose Ward.
Martin, | 50 | 35 | Walter Gower.
Sun, | 40 | 30 | Richard Buckley.
Signet, | 30 | 20 | John Shrive.
Brigantine, | | 35 | Thomas Scot.
George Hoye, | 120 | 24 | Richard Hodges.
_
| 11850| 6279|
_
.ta-
.sp 2
.nf c
2. Ships serving by Tunnage with the Lord Admiral.
.nf-
.ta h:20 r:5 r:5 h:30
White Lion, | 140 | 50 | Charles Howard.
Disdain, | 80 | 45 | Jonas Bradbery.
Lark, | 50 | 30 | Thomas Chichester.
Edward of Malden, | 180 | 30 | William Pierce.
Marigold, | 30 | 20 | William Newton.
Black Dog, | 20 | 10 | John Davis.
Catherine, | 20 | 10 |
Fancy, | 50 | 20 | John Paul.
Poppin, | 20 | 8 |
Nightingal, | 160 | 16 | John Doate.
_
| 750 |239 |
_
.ta-
.sp 2
.nf c
3. Ships serving with Sir Francis Drake.
.nf-
.ta h:20 r:5 r:5 h:30
The Galleon Leicester, | 400 | 160 | George Fennar.
Merchant Royal, | 400 | 160 | Robert Flyke.
Edward Bonaventure, | 300 | 120 | James Lancaster.
Roebuck, | 300 | 120 | Jacob Whitton.
Golden Noble, | 250 | 110 | Adam Seigar.
Griffin, | 200 | 100 | William Hawkins.
Minion, | 200 | 80 | William Winter.
Bark Talbot, | 200 | 90 | Henry White.
Thomas Drake, | 200 | 80 | Henry Spendelow.
Spark, | 200 | 90 | William Spark.
Hopewell, | 200 | 100 | John Marchaunt.
Galleon Dudley, | 250 | 100 | James Erizey.
Virgin, God-save-her, | 200 | 80 | John Greenfield.
Hope of Plymouth, | 200 | 70 | John Rivers.
Bark Bond, | 150 | 70 | William Poole.
Bark Bonner, | 150 | 70 | Charles Cæsar.
Bark Hawkins, | 150 | 70 | ... Pridexe.
Unity, | 80 | 70 | Humphry Sidnam.
Elizabeth-Drake, | 60 | 30 | Thomas Seely.
Bark Buggins, | 80 | 50 | John Langford.
Frigat Elizabeth Fonnes,| 80 | 50 | Roger Grant.
Bark Sellinger, | 160 | 80 | John Sellinger.
Bark Mannington, | 160 | 80 | Ambrose Mannington.
Golden Hind, | 50 | 30 | Thomas Flemming.
Makeshift, | 60 | 40 | Peerce Leman.
Diamond of Dartmouth, | 60 | 40 | Robert Holland.
Speedwell, | 60 | 14 | Hugh Harding.
Bear-Young, | 140 | 70 | John Young.
Chance, | 60 | 40 | James Foues.
Delight, | 50 | 30 | William Cox.
Nightingale, | 40 | 30 | John Grisling.
Carvel, | 30 | 24 |
_
| 5120| 2348|
_
.ta-
.sp 2
.nf c
4. London Ships, fitted out by the City.
.nf-
.ta h:20 r:5 r:5 h:30
Hercules, | 300 | 120 | George Barnes.
Toby, | 250 | 100 | Robert Barret.
May-Flower, | 200 | 90 | Edward Banks.
Minion, | 200 | 90 | John Dales.
Royal-Defence, | 160 | 80 | John Chester.
Ascension, | 200 | 100 | John Bacon.
Gift of God, | 180 | 80 | Thomas Luntlowe.
Primrose, | 200 | 90 | Robert Bringboorn.
Margaret and John, | 200 | 90 | John Fisher.
Golden Lion, | 140 | 70 | Robert Wilcox.
Diana, | 80 | 70 |
Bark Burre, | 160 | 70 | John Saracole.
Teigur, | 200 | 90 | William Cæsar.
Bersabe, | 160 | 70 | William Furthoe.
Red Lion, | 200 | 90 | Jarvis Wild.
Centurion, | 250 | 100 | Samuel Foxcraft.
Passport, | 80 | 40 | Christopher Colthirst.
Moonshine, | 60 | 30 | John Brough.
Thomas Bonaventure, | 140 | 70 | William Adridge.
Relief, | 60 | 30 | John King.
Susan Ann Parnell, | 220 | 80 | Nicholas George.
Violet, | 220 | 60 | Martin Hakes.
Solomon, | 170 | 80 | Edmund Musgrave.
Ann Francis, | 180 | 70 | Christopher Lister.
George Bonaventure, | 200 | 80 | Eleazar Hikeman.
Jane Bonaventure, | 100 | 50 | Thomas Hallwood.
Vinyard, | 160 | 60 | Benjamin Cook.
Samuel, | 140 | 50 | John Vassel.
George Noble, | 150 | 80 | Henry Bellinger.
Anthony, | 110 | 60 | George Harper.
Toby, | 140 | 70 | Christopher Pigott.
Salamander, | 120 | 60 | ... Samford.
Rose Lion, | 110 | 50 | Barnaby Acton.
Antelope, | 120 | 60 | ... Dennison.
Jewel, | 120 | 60 | ... Rewell.
Paunce, | 160 | 70 | William Butler.
Providence, | 130 | 60 | Richard Chester.
Dolphin, | 160 | 70 | William Hares.
_
|6130 |2710 |
_
.ta-
.sp 2
.bn p010b.png
.pn +1
.nf c
5. Coasters with the Lord Admiral.
.nf-
.ta h:20 r:5 r:5 h:30
Bark Web, | 80 | 50 |
John Trelawny, | 150 | 70 | Thomas Meeke.
Hart of Dartmouth, | 60 | 30 | James Houghton.
Bark Potts, | 180 | 80 | Anthony Potts.
Little John, | 40 | 20 | Lawrence Cleyton.
Bartholomew of Apsham, | 130 | 70 | Nicolas Wright.
Rose of Apsham, | 110 | 50 | Thomas Sandy.
Gift of Apsham, | 25 | 20 |
Jacob of Lime, | 90 | 50 |
Revenge of Lime, | 60 | 30 | Richard Bedford.
William of Bridgewater, | 70 | 30 | John Smith.
Crescent of Dartmouth, | 140 | 75 |
Galleon of Weymouth, | 100 | 50 | Richard Miller.
Katherine of Weymouth, | 60 | 30 |
John of Chichester, | 70 | 50 | John Young.
Hearty Ann, | 60 | 30 | John Winoll.
Minion of Bristol, | 230 | 110 | John Satchfield.
Unicorn of Bristol, | 130 | 66 | James Laughton.
Handmaid of Bristol, | 85 | 56 | Christopher Pitt.
Aid of Bristol, | 60 | 26 | William Megar.
_
| 1930 | 993 |
_
.ta-
.sp 2
.nf c
6. Coasters with the Lord Henry Seymor.
.nf-
.ta h:20 r:5 r:5 h:30
Daniel, | 160 | 70 | Robert Johnson.
Galleon Hutchins, | 150 | 60 | Thomas Tucker.
Bark Lamb, | 150 | 60 | Leonard Harvel.
Fancy, | 60 | 30 | Richard Fearn.
Griffin, | 75 | 35 | John Dobson.
Little Hare, | 50 | 25 | Matthew Railston.
Handmaid, | 75 | 35 | John Gatenbury.
Marygold, | 150 | 70 | Francis Johnson.
Matthew, | 35 | 16 | Richard Mitchel.
Susan, | 40 | 20 | John Musgrave.
William of Ipswich, | 140 | 30 | Barnaby Lewe.
Katherine of Ipswich, | 125 | 50 | Thomas Grimble.
Primrose of Harwich, | 120 | 40 | John Cardinal.
Ann-Bonaventure, | 60 | 50 | John Conny.
William of Rye, | 80 | 60 | William Coxon.
Grace of God, | 50 | 30 | William Fordred.
Ellnathan of Dover, | 120 | 70 | John Lidgier.
Reuben of Sandwich, | 110 | 68 | William Crippt.
Hazard of Feversham, | 38 | 34 | Nicolas Turner.
Grace of Yarmouth, | 150 | 70 | William Musgrave.
May-flower, | 150 | 70 | Alexander Musgrave.
William of Brickelsea, | 100 | 50 | Thomas Lambert.
John Young, | 60 | 30 | Reynold Veyzey.
_
|2248 |1073 |
_
.ta-
.sp 2
.nf c
7. Volunteers with the Lord Admiral.
.nf-
.ta h:20 r:5 r:5 h:30
Samson, | 300 | 08 | John Mingfield.
Francis of Foy, | 140 | 0 | John Resbley.
Heath-Hen of Weymouth, | 60 | 0 |
Golden Rial of Weymouth, | 120 | 0 |
Bark Sutton of Weymouth, | 70 | 0 | Hugh Preston.
Carowse, | 50 | 5 |
Samaritan of Dartmouth, | 250 | 0 |
William of Plymouth, | 120 | 0 |
Gallego of Plymouth, | 30 | 0 |
Bark Haulse, | 60 | 0 | Greenfield Haulse.
Unicorn of Dartmouth, | 76 | 0 | Ralph Hawes.
Grace of Apsham, | 100 | 0 | Walter Edney.
Thomas Bonaventure, | 60 | 0 | John Pentyre.
Rat of Wight, | 80 | 0 | Gilbert Lea.
Margett, | 60 | 46 | William Hubberd.
Elizabeth of Laystaff, | 40 | 30 |
Raphael, | 40 | 30 |
Fly-boat Young, | 60 | 40 | Nicolas Webb.
_
| 1716| 859|
_
.ta-
.sp 2
.nf c
8. Victuallers.
.nf-
.ta h:20 r:5 h:30
| | Sailors | Captain
Elizabeth Bonaventure of London, | 60 |
Pelican, | 50 |
Hope, | 40 |
Unity, | 40 |
Pearl, | 50 |
Elizabeth of London, | 60 |
John of London, | 70 |
Barsaby, | 60 |
Marygold, | 50 |
White Hind, | 40 |
Gift of God, | 40 |
Jonas of Alborough, | 50 |
Solomon of Alborough, | 60 |
Richard Duffield, | 70 |
Mary Rose, | 70 | Francis Burnell.
_
|810 |
_
John of Barnstaple, | 40 |
Greyhound of Alborough, | 65 |
Jonas, | 30 |
Fortune of Alborough, | 25 |
Hearts-Ease, | 24 | Henry Harpham.
Elizabeth of Low Astoff, | 30 |
A Galley, not specified by Name, | 250 |
_
| 474 |
_
.ta-
.sp 2
.h3
SECT. III.
.sp 2
.dc 0.5 0.6
BOTH Sides being thus fitted out, and
prepared for Action, let us now proceed,
Thirdly, To give an Account of the Expedition,
and the several Engagements between
the two Fleets, with the final Event of the
whole.
The King of Spain’s Instructions to his General,
were[#], To repair to Calais Road, and
there wait for the Arrival of the Duke of
Parma, who had Orders to join him with his
Fleet and Forces; and, upon their meeting, to
open a Letter directed to them both, with further
Orders [particularly, to advance up the
Thames, and attack London.] He was strictly
enjoined, in the mean time, to sail along the
Coasts of Bretagne and Normandy, in order to
avoid being discovered by the English Fleet;
and if unexpectedly he should meet them, not
to offer Battle, but act only upon the Defensive.
.bn p011b.png
.pn +1
With these Instructions, the Spanish Fleet
set sail on the
.if h
19^{th}
.if-
.if t
19th
.if-
of May from the Tagus,
and steer’d for the Groyne, the Place of general
Rendezvous. But they had not been long
at Sea, before they were so dispersed by a
violent Storm, off of Cape Finisterre, that
scarce the third Part of them reached, some
Days after, the intended Port: And three of
the Gallies, by the Stratagem of David Gwyn,
an English Slave, assisted by some of the
Moorish Rowers, were run into a Harbour of
France[#].
In the mean time, the Lord Howard having
continued a good while upon the Narrow
Seas between England and Flanders[#], sent
Sir Francis Drake towards the Western Coasts,
with about fifty Sail, great and small; intending
to follow himself, with a stronger Force,
if there should be Occasion. For the present
he remained in the Downs, with the Lord
Henry Seymour his Vice-Admiral, where they
had under their Command twenty Ships belonging
to the City of London, with several
other Vessels fitted out by the Coast-Towns,
from the Thames to Newcastle. But News
being brought of the Armada’s being ready
to put to Sea, the Admiral left the Lord
Henry Seymour with a convenient Number of
Ships, to watch the Duke of Parma’s Motions;
and setting Sail on the
.if h
21^{st}
.if-
.if t
21st
.if-
of May, with about thirty Vessels of all Sorts, arrived
on the
.if h
23^d
.if-
.if t
23d
.if-
at Plymouth. Here he was joined
by Sir Francis Drake, whom he constituted
his Vice-Admiral, and whose Squadron, by
the Addition of some Vessels from the Western
Ports, amounted now to sixty Sail.
The Lord Howard, upon his Arrival at
Plymouth, gave Orders for the Victualling, and
putting in Readiness, the whole Fleet, which
now consisted in all of about ninety Ships and
Barks. As soon as it was ready he put out
to Sea, and cruized at the Channel’s Mouth,
between Ushent and Scilly, looking out for the
Spanish Fleet. He thus continued cruizing for
several Days, sometimes upon the Coast of
France, and sometimes upon that of England;
and, at last, hearing nothing of the Spaniards,
returned to Plymouth, for a new Supply of
Victuals, and other Necessaries.
Mean while, fourteen Spanish Ships were
discovered between Ushent and Scilly, which
were afterwards known to have been separated
from the rest of the Fleet by the late Storm.
But before they could be met with by any
.bn p012a.png
.pn +1
English Ships, they had a Northerly Wind,
which carried them back to the Groyne; where,
and at the neighbouring Ports, the whole Fleet
took in their Soldiers and Warlike Provisions.
The Spanish Fleet, as has been said above,
had been dispersed, and somewhat disabled by
a violent Storm. This had like to have proved
more fatal to the English than to the Spaniards
themselves[#]. For it being reported all over
Europe, that the whole Spanish Fleet was destroyed,
Queen Elizabeth and her Ministers
thought that it was at least so damaged, as
that it could not proceed ’till the next Year.
Relying therefore upon this Intelligence, which
they took for certain, Secretary Walsingham
signified the Queen’s Pleasure to the Lord
High-Admiral, to send back four of his largest
Ships into Port. His Lordship had, in the
mean time, likewise Intelligences sundry ways,
that the Enemy’s Fleet was dispersed into several
Ports of Spain, distressed, spoiled, in want
of Provisions, and with a great Mortality among
the Men. This, however, happened to
be only a false Rumour. The Lord-Admiral
not thinking it safe to depend upon such Uncertainties,
when the Nation’s All was at Stake,
got the Order countermanded; alledging how
dangerous it was to be too credulous in a matter
of such Importance, and that he would rather
keep the Ships out at his own Charge,
than hazard his Country’s Safety. But, in order
to be fully satisfied, (as he was sure that
the Coasts of England and France, which he
had examined, were clear) he thought proper[#],
with the Advice of a Council of War, to take
the Opportunity of the first Northerly Wind,
and go in quest of the Spanish Fleet, in the
Groyne, and other Ports of Gallicia; and there
utterly destroy it, if it were already so disabled
as was reported; or, if otherwise, to get
certain Intelligence concerning its true State
and Condition. Accordingly his Lordship
made Sail for the Coast of Spain, with a
Northerly Wind, and held the same Course
for about three Days, from the
.if h
8^{th} to the 10^{th}
.if-
.if t
8th to the 10th
.if-
of July. He was not then above forty Leagues
from that Kingdom, when being informed that
the Enemy’s Fleet was not so much damaged
as reported, and the Wind coming to be Southerly,
he judged it best (as his Instructions
were to guard the English Coasts,) to return
to Plymouth; lest the same Wind should bring
the Enemies out, and carry them by him, unseen,
towards England. He arrived at Plymouth
.bn p012b.png
.pn +1
the
.if h
12^{th}
.if-
.if t
12th
.if-
of July, and with great Expedition
supplied his Fleet with whatever Necessaries
were wanting.
His Caution was indeed very seasonable:
For with the same Southerly Wind the Duke
of Medina Sidonia sailed, with the whole Fleet
under his Command, from the Groyne, on the
.if h
12^{th}
.if-
.if t
12th
.if-
of July, (the very same Day the Lord
Admiral arrived at Plymouth,) and in two or
three Days detached a Yatch to the Duke of
Parma, with Notice of his being advanced so
far. He pressed him at the same Time, to be
ready with the Troops and Ships he was directed
to provide, in order to pass over into
England under his Convoy, as soon as he
should be arrived in the Streights of Dover.
While the Spanish Fleet lay at the Groyne[#],
an English Fisherman that was taken and
brought to that Place, gave the Enemies, either
out of Ignorance or Design, this false Account:
“That the English Fleet had lately
been at Sea; but seeing no Prospect of the
Spaniards pursuing their Design that Year,
was returned, and the greater Part of the
Men belonging to the Ships discharged.”
This false Intelligence made the Duke of Medina
Sidonia deviate from his Instructions;
and as he vainly supposed that he could easily
surprise our Fleet, and burn or otherwise
destroy it, he resolved not to lose so glorious
an Opportunity. Instead therefore of going
directly to join the Duke of Parma, a Resolution
was taken in the Spanish Fleet, to bend
their Course towards England.
[#]On the
.if h
16^{th}
.if-
.if t
16th
.if-
of July there was a Calm
and a thick Fog ’till Noon. Then the North
East Wind blew very strong, and presently
after the West Wind ’till Midnight; and
then the East-South-East Wind; insomuch
that the Spanish Fleet being thereby dispersed,
was hardly joined again ’till it came within
Sight of England. At length this Fleet, after
an indifferent Passage over the Bay of Biscay,
arrived July 19, in Sight of England and entered
the Channel. The first Land they made
was the Lizard, which they took to be the
Ram’s Head near Plymouth; but Night approaching,
they stood off, designing the next
Morning to attack the English Ships in Plymouth
Harbour.
The same Day[#], the Lord Admiral was
informed by Captain Thomas Flemming, Commander
of the Golden Hind Pinnace, who had
been left in the Channel for Discovery, that
.bn p013a.png
.pn +1
#Plate 1:plate-01#.
the Spanish Fleet was seen near the
Lizard, the Wind being then Southerly,
or South-West. Tho’ the Wind blew
hard into Plymouth-Sound, and the Intelligence
was not received ’till about four o’ Clock in
the Afternoon, yet his Lordship, with much
Diligence and Industry, got out the same Evening
with six of his Ships, and anchored
with them alone the whole Night, without the
Harbour.
[#]The next Day, July 20, the Lord High-Admiral,
accompanied with fifty four Ships
of his Fleet, that had plied out of the Sound,
notwithstanding the South-West Wind, advanced
towards the Enemy. They were scarce
got as far as the Eddystone, when they discovered,
about Noon, the Spanish Fleet to the
#Plate 2:plate-02#.Westward, opposite to Fowey, in form
of a half Moon (the Points whereof
were about seven Miles asunder) coming slowly
up the Channel, tho’ with full Sails. The
English suffered them to pass by unmolested,
that they might chace them in the rear, with
all the Advantage of the Wind.
The next Morning, July 21, all the English
Ships being then come out of Plymouth,
and in number near a hundred, had recovered
the Wind of the Spaniards[#], two Leagues to
the Westward of Eddystone. About Nine
o’ Clock, the Lord-Admiral sent his Pinnace,
named the Defiance[#], to denounce War against
the Enemy, by the Discharge of all her
Guns. He himself immediately seconded her
from his own Ship, the Ark-Royal, by thundering
furiously on one of the Enemy’s, commanded
by Alphonso de Leva, which he mistook
for the St. Martin, the Admiral’s Ship;
but she was, after a smart Engagement,
#Plate 3:plate-03#.rescued by the Spaniards. In the mean
time, Sir Francis Drake, Captain John Hawkins,
and Captain Martin Forbisher, vigorously
engaged the Enemy’s sternmost Ships, under
the Conduit of their Vice-Admiral Recalde;
in one of which Recalde himself was supposed
to be. He did all that a gallant Officer could
do to keep his Ships together; but the Fight
was so briskly maintained, that, notwithstanding
all his Endeavours, they were forced to
retreat to the main Body of the Fleet; and at
length, his own Ship being very much damaged
with Shot, and grown unserviceable, he
retired thither himself, tho’ with much ado.
.bn p013b.png
.pn +1
In this first Engagement Recalde’s Ship lost
fifteen Men[#].
At the same time, the Duke of Medina
gathered together his Fleet[#], which was dispersed
about; and hoisting more Sail, held on
his Course with all the Speed he could make.
Nor was it in his Power to do otherwise, seeing
the Wind favoured the English, and their
Ships were so light and nimble, that they
would charge, wind, and tack about with incredible
Swiftness; whereas the Spanish great
and heavy Slugs, stood like so many Butts for
the English Shot. Although the Spaniards
were so briskly charged by the English, they
made a running Fight of it; and, after a smart
Engagement of two Hours, the Lord High-Admiral
thought fit to desist, because forty of
his Ships were not yet come up, being scarce
got out of Plymouth Haven[#]. So not proceeding
any farther, he gave the Signal for a
Council of War;——Wherein his Lordship’s
prudent and considerate Advice being very
much approved, Orders were delivered to each
Captain, in what manner they should pursue
the Enemy.
The Night following, one of the Spanish
Ships, called the St. Katherine, having received
much Damage in the Fight, was brought
into the midst of their Fleet, to be repaired[#].
And a large Biscayan Ship of eight hundred
Tuns, belonging to Michael de Oquendo, Admiral
of the Guypuscoan Squadron, on board
of which was the Treasurer of the Fleet, was
designedly set on Fire by a Dutch Gunner,
who had been ill used[#]; but the Spaniards
took out the best Part of the Money, when
they saw the Ship in Danger; and after
her upper Part was burnt and blown up, the
Flame was extinguished by some Ships that
came seasonably to her Assistance. But one of
them, a great Galleon, commanded by Don
Pedro de Valdez, sprung her Foremast and
Boltsprit, by falling foul of another Vessel in
the Hurry and Confusion; and so, not being
able to keep Company with the rest of the
Fleet, was left behind. The Night being extremely
dark, and the Sea running so high,
that no Succour could come to her, she fell the
next Day, July 22, into the Hands of
#Plate 4:plate-04#.Sir Francis Drake; who had her conducted
to Dartmouth, and sent the Captain,
and some other Gentlemen who were on board,
.bn p014a.png
.pn +1
Prisoners to Plymouth, where they remained
eighteen Months, ’till their Ransoms were paid.
In this Galleon was found fifty five thousand
Ducats of Gold, which Drake’s Men shared
amongst themselves.
[#]This Night the Spanish Fleet bore along
by the Start, and the next Morning was as far
to the Leward as the Berry[#]. Sir Francis
Drake had been ordered to carry Lights; but
being in full Chace of some German Hulks,
or Merchant-Men, which he discovered late in
the Evening, and took for Enemies, he happened
to neglect it; which occasioned most of
the Fleet to lye by all Night, because not seeing
the Lights, they knew not whom to follow.
For that Reason, Sir Francis, and the
rest of the Fleet, did not come up ’till the
next Evening with the Lord Admiral; who,
accompanied only with the Bear and the Mary
Rose, had pursued the Enemy, within Culverin
Shot, all the foregoing Night. [#]Thro’
this Mistake, the rest of the English Fleet staid
so far behind, that the next Morning the nearest
could scarce be seen half Mast high, and
very many were quite out of Sight.
July 22. This whole Day the Spanish Admiral
spent in disposing his Fleet in the best
Order he could think of. [#]He commanded
Alphonso de Leva to bring the first and the
last Squadron together; and assigning every
particular Ship its proper Station in Battle, according
to the Plan agreed on in Spain, enjoined
their respective Commanders to keep the
same on Pain of Death. He also dispatch’d
Glich, an Ensign, to the Prince of Parma, to
advise him of his near Approach, and inform
him of the State of the Navy. In the mean
time, the forementioned Ship of Oquendo having
been much damaged by the Fire, the Spanish
Admiral ordered, after the Officers, Men,
and Money were removed into another Vessel,
#Plate 5:plate-05#.that she should be abandoned, and set
adrift[#]. Whereupon, the Lord High-Admiral
sent the Lord Thomas Howard, and
Captain Hawkins in a small Skiff on board her,
who found her in a very pitiful Condition. Her
Decks were fallen in, the Steerage broken, the
Stern blown out, and about fifty poor Creatures
burnt with Powder in a most miserable manner.
The Stench, as well as the horrible Spectacle,
soon made them return to the Lord-Admiral;
who ordered the Bark Fleming to conduct her
into some Port, and accordingly she was brought
the next Day into Weymouth.
.bn p014b.png
.pn +1
The Night following prov’d very calm;
during which, the four Galleasses of Naples
singling themselves from the rest of the Enemy’s
Fleet, gave Reason to suspect that they
had a Design to distress some of the small
English Vessels, which were short of the Fleet;
but their Courage failing them, they attempted
nothing.
On the
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the Wind turning to the North-East,
the Spaniards took the Advantage of it;
and when they came over against Portland,
tacked about upon the English, who presently
tacked likewise, and stood in to the North-West,
towards the Shore, as did the Spaniards
also. But that Course not being good for the
English to recover the Wind of the Spaniards,
the former cast about to the Eastward. And,
after several Attempts on both Sides to get the
Weather-gage, the Spaniards offering to board
the English, a smart Engagement began, which
was managed with Confusion enough, and with
Variety of Success. The Enemy seeing several
of the English Ships waited their coming,
particularly the Ark, the Nonpareil, the Elizabeth-Jonas,
the Victory, &c. they fell a stern
the Nonpareil, which was the hindmost Ship;
and in the mean time, the Triumph, with the
Merchant-Royal, the Centurion, the Margaret
and John, the Mary-Rose, and the Golden-Lion,
were so far to the Leeward, and at such a
Distance from the rest of the Fleet, that the
Galleasses took Courage, and bearing down
upon them, attacked them very vigorously; but
they gave them a warm Reception for an Hour
and a half, ’till some of her Majesty’s Ships
came to their Relief.
The Wind then shifted to the South-East,
and afterwards to the South-South-West;
#Plate 6:plate-06#.whereupon a Body of English Ships,
and several Merchant-Men attacked the
Spanish Fleet so sharply to the Westward,
that it was all forced to give way. The Lord-Admiral
perceiving this, and observing at the
same Time the Distress which the Triumph and
the five Ships above mentioned in her Company,
were in, he ordered some Ships that were
then near at hand, to follow him, and to set
upon the Spaniards a-fresh; and he strictly
charged them, to go within Musket-Shot of
the Enemy, before they discharged any one
Piece of Ordnance, that they might have a
better Mark, and more effectually succour the
Triumph. This was immediately performed by
the Ark, the Elizabeth-Jonas, the Galleon of
.bn p015a.png
.pn +1
Leicester, the Golden Lion, the Victory, the
Mary Rose, the Dreadnought, and the Swallow;
for in that order they proceeded. The
Duke of Medina perceiving their Design, came
out with sixteen of his best Galleons, to intercept
the Lord Admiral, and stop him from
assisting the Triumph. But, after a very sharp
Conflict, the Spaniards were forced to give
way, and for their greater Safety to gather
themselves close into a Roundel, their best and
largest Ships standing outermost, and fencing
the lesser and the most battered. In this Conflict,
William Coxe, Captain of a small Pinnace
of Sir William Winter’s, nam’d the Delight,
was slain by a great Shot, while he was bravely
fighting against the Enemy.
Towards the Evening, four or five of the
Spanish Vessels edged out of the South-Westward,
where they were met by some of our
Ships; amongst which, the May-Flower of
London valiantly discharged some Pieces of Cannon
at them; and, on this and other Occasions,
that Ship’s Company behaved with great Resolution
and Courage.
Thus the Fight continued from Morning till
Night, being managed with great Bravery; but
the Spaniards Shot flew, for the most part, over
the Heads of the English, without doing
Execution[#]; the reason of which was, that
the English Ships being far less than the Enemy’s,
made the Attack with more Quickness
and Agility; and when they had given a
Broad-Side, sheer’d off to a convenient Distance;
and levell’d their Shot so directly at
the larger and more unwieldy Ships of the Spaniards,
as seldom to miss their Aim. Some
advis’d the Lord-Admiral, with more Heat
than Discretion, to grapple with and board
them; but he thought it neither safe nor convenient;
because the Enemy’s Fleet had a considerable
Army on board, whereas ours had no
such Advantage; besides their Ships far exceeded
the English in Number and Bulk, and
were much stronger and higher built; insomuch
that their Men having the Opportunity
to ply the others from such lofty Decks, must
inevitably have destroyed those that were obliged,
as it were, to fight beneath them. And
he foresaw likewise, that the Damage and Disgrace
of a total Defeat would much outweigh
the Advantage of a Victory, should he happen
to obtain it; since, if he was vanquished, it
would have much endangered the Safety of the
whole Kingdom; but if he got the better, he
.bn p015b.png
.pn +1
could obtain no more than the naked Credit
of putting a Fleet in Disorder, and baffling an
Enemy.——In this Day’s Engagement, a great
Venetian Ship, with several other smaller ones
were taken by the English[#].
On the
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of July, there was but little
done[#]; the Fight being only between four
great Galleasses and some English Vessels[#].
The Spaniards, upon this Occasion had great
Advantage, since their Ships had Oars, and
ours, by reason of a Calm, had no use of
their Sails. However, the English galled the
Enemy very much with their Cannon and
Chain-Shot; but at last, wanting Powder and
other Necessaries to continue the Fight, the
Lord Admiral sent some Vessels into the next
Port for a Supply. In the mean time, a Council
of War was held, wherein it was agreed,
That the Fleet should be divided into four
Squadrons, to be commanded, the first by the
Lord Admiral himself in the Ark-Royal; the
second by Sir Francis Drake in the Revenge;
the third by Captain Hawkins; and the fourth
by Captain Forbisher. [#]This Afternoon, his
Lordship gave order, that in the Night, six
Merchant-Ships out of every Squadron (as being
the lightest) should set upon the Spanish
Fleet in several Places at once; but it being
calm all that Night, nothing could be done.
The next Morning, July 25, both
#Plate 7:plate-07#.Fleets being come over against the Isle
of Wight, (which the Spaniards had resolved
to make themselves Masters of,) and not above
a hundred Yards asunder, a terrible Fight began[#].
The St. Ann, a large Portuguese Galleon,
being short of the rest to the Southward,
because not able to keep up with them, was
attack’d by some of Captain Hawkins’s Squadron,
which stood next to it; who causing
themselves to be towed along, attempted to
board her, and went so close, that their Boats
were beaten off with Musket-Shot: Leva and
Don Diego Telles Enriques perceiving the Galleon’s
Danger, issued out of the Spanish Fleet
with three Galleasses, and endeavoured to rescue
her; but they were so warmly received by
the Lord Admiral himself, and the Lord Thomas
Howard in the Golden Lion, who, by
reason of the Calm, had their Ships tow’d along
with Boats, that the Galleon was got off
with much Difficulty, and not without Loss;
for one of the Galleasses was forc’d to be carried
away upon the Careen; another, by a
Shot from the Ark, lost her Lanthorn; and
.bn p016a.png
.pn +1
the third her Peak-head. Thus many Shots
were interchanged between the Ark and Lion
and the Galleasses, in Sight of both Fleets,
which looked on, and could not come near by
reason of the Calm. At length it began to
blow a small Gale, whereupon the Spanish Fleet
edged up to succour their Galleasses, and so
rescued them; but so roughly were the Galleasses
handled, that after this none of them
would venture upon any new Engagement.
[#]Then the Fleets drawing near one another
the Fight was renewed; but it did not continue
long; except that the Nonpareil and the
Mary Rose were for some time engaged with
the Enemy, and striking their Topsails, lay a
while by, and braved the whole Fleet of Spain.
In the mean while, the Triumph, to the Northward
of the Spanish Fleet, was so far to Leward,
that being apprehensive some of the Enemy
might weather her, she towed off with
the Help of several Boats, and so recovered the
Wind. The Bear and the Elizabeth Jonas
perceiving her in Distress, bore down to rescue
her, and by their Boldness put themselves into
the like Danger; but they, however, made
their party good, ’till they had recovered the
Wind. And thus ended this Day’s Fight,
which was very sharp for the time.
[#]The Spaniards gave a different Account
of this Day’s Engagement; for they said that
the English did miserably batter, with their
great Guns, the Spanish Admiral, who lay in
the rear; came so near him as to kill many of
his Men; brought his Mainmast by the board;
and he was in great Danger of being lost, had
not Mexia and Recalde come timely to his Assistance;
but that, after this, the Spanish Admiral
and his Men, seconded by Recalde, and
others, set upon the English Admiral, who by
the turning of the Wind happily escaped; that
the Spaniards from that time gave over the
Chace, and keeping on their Course, dispatch’d
a Messenger to the Duke of Parma, to desire
him to come and join the Armada with his
own Squadron as soon as possible; and to send
them withal some great Shot for the use of the
main Fleet.
[#]However it be, the English had so battered
the Enemy in the last Conflict, that the
latter had Recourse to the Form of a Roundel
for their better Security.
[#]On Friday, July 26, the Lord High-Admiral
sent for the Lord Thomas Howard the
Lord Sheffield, Roger Townshend, Captain Martin Forbisher,
.bn p016b.png
.pn +1
Captain John Hawkins, on board
his own Ship the Ark; and there confer’d on
them the Honour of Knighthood, as well for
a Reward of their good Services in the late
Engagement, as for an Encouragement to the
rest of the Officers.
[#]Next, a Council of War being held, it
was determined, as our Ships began to want
Powder and Shot, that they should not attack
the Spaniards again ’till they came to the
Streights of Calais; because they would there
be joined and reinforced by the Squadron under
the Command of the Lord Henry Seymour
and Sir William Winter, stationed in those
Parts to block up the Duke of Parma; and
might, at the same time, receive a plentiful
Store of Ammunition from our Coasts.
[#]So the Spanish Fleet sailed forward,
#Plate 8:plate-08#.this and the best part of the next Day,
with a gentle Gale at South-West and by
South, the English following them close, and
driving them like Sheep before them; and so
far was this Invincible Armada from alarming
the Sea-Coasts with any frightful Apprehensions,
that a great many of the young Nobility
and Gentry entered themselves Volunteers, and
taking leave of their Parents, Wives, and Children,
did, with incredible Chearfulness, hire
Ships at their own Charge; and, in pure Love
to their Country, joined the Grand Fleet in
vast numbers: [#]Among which were, the Earls
of Oxford, Northumberland, and Cumberland;
the Lord Dudley; Sir Thomas, Sir Robert, and
William Cecil; Sir Henry Brooke, Sir William
Hatton, Sir Charles Blount, Sir Walter Raleigh,
Sir Robert Carey, Sir Ambrose Willoughby,
Sir Thomas Vavasor, Sir Horatio Pallavicini;
Thomas Gerard, Henry Nowel, Edward
Darcy, Thomas Woodhouse, William Harvey,
Arthur Gorges, and others; [#]and at the same
time, the Justices of Peace in the maritime
Counties, as also the Earl of Sussex, Sir George
Carey, and the Captains of the Forts and Castles
along the Sea-Coasts, sent Ships, Men,
Powder, Shot, Victuals, and all kinds of Provisions,
for the Relief and Assistance of the
main Fleet.
[#]July 27. This Day, towards the Evening,
the Spanish Fleet came to an Anchor before
Calais; [#]intending for Dunkirk, where
they were to join the Prince of Parma’s Forces;
[#]but their Pilots having told them, that,
if they ventured any farther, they should be in
danger of being carried away by the Force of
.bn p017a.png
.pn +1
the Tide into the Northern Channel, for that
Reason they proceeded no farther than Calais;
the English, on their part, followed them close,
and anchored within Culverin-Shot of them;
and, by the accession of the Ships under the
Lord Henry Seymour and Sir William Winter,
consisted now of a hundred and forty Sail, all
stout Ships, and nimble and good Sailors; tho’
the main Brunt of the Engagement lay but
upon fifteen or sixteen of them.
The Spaniards now sent several Messengers,
one after another, to the Duke of Parma, to
press and importune him to send out forty Fly-Boats
to their Assistance; without which, by
reason of the Unwieldiness of their Ships, they
could not, as they said, engage the light and
active Vessels of the English; they entreated
him likewise, with great Earnestness, to use all
Speed in embarking his Army, and be ready
to take the first Opportunity, under their Protection,
of landing in England; but it seems
he was not ready, and so could not answer
their Summons; his flat-bottom’d Boats were
all leaky, his Provisions not yet all brought in,
and his Sailors, who had been hitherto kept
together against their Wills, had deserted in
great numbers; besides, thirty five Men of
War belonging to Holland and Zealand, commanded
by Count Justin de Nassau, continued
to block up the very Mouth of the Harbours
of Dunkirk and Nieuport, from whence alone
he could put to Sea; and so well were they
furnished with great Guns and small Arms,
that he could not possibly put from Shore,
without running a very great and manifest
Danger; however, intending as soon as he conveniently
could, to join the Spanish Fleet, he
sent a Pinnace to inform the Duke of Medina,
“[#]That he could not be ready for them ’till
the Friday following, September 4;” but the
Spanish Fleet was forced to depart before that
time, in the utmost Hurry and Confusion.
[#]For, on July 28, the next Day
#Plate 9:plate-09#.after their coming to an Anchor, the
Lord Admiral, by the Queen’s express Command
and Direction, singled out eight of his
worst Ships; bestowed upon them good Plenty
of Pitch, Tar, Rosin, and Wildfire; lined them
well with Brimstone and other combustible Matter;
and loaded all their Cannon with Bullets,
Chains, and the like destructive Instruments;
thus equip’d, he sent them with the Wind and
Tide, about two o’ Clock in the Morning,
.bn p017b.png
.pn +1
into the midst of the Spanish Fleet, under the
Conduct of —— Young and —— Prowse; who
when they were come within Cannon-Shot, set
Fire to the Trains, and then retired. The Approach
of these Fire-Ships, and the dreadful
Blaze which the Fire made all the Sea over,
was no sooner perceived by the Spaniards, but
it put their whole Fleet into the utmost Consternation.
Many of the Soldiers on board had
been at the Siege of Antwerp[#], and seen the
destructive Machines made use of there: Suspecting
therefore that these were big with other
Engines of Slaughter, besides the destructive
Element that show’d itself without, they began
to raise a most hideous Clamour of, Cut your
Cables, or get up your Anchors; [#]and in a
panic Fright put to Sea with all the Confusion
and Precipitancy imaginable.
[#]The Spaniards reported, however, That
their Admiral, upon the Approach of the Fire-Ships,
made the Signal for weighing Anchor,
and standing out to Sea; and ordered that
each Ship, after the Danger was over, should
return to her Station; that he did return himself,
and fired a Gun as a Signal for the rest
to do the like; but the Report thereof was
heard but by few; because their Fears had so
dispersed them, that some were got a considerable
way out to Sea, and others among the
Shoals on the Coast of Flanders.
However it was, the Spanish Fleet being by
this successful Stratagem thus driven from their
Station in Calais-Road[#], another very sharp
Engagement began the next Morning about
Eight o’ Clock, July 29, and continued eight
Hours. The chief Galleass, commanded by
Hugo de Moncada, having in the last Night’s
Confusion lost her Rudder, by falling foul of
another Ship’s Cable, and floated up and down
for some time before the Wind, endeavoured
to save herself by rowing into
#Plate 10:plate-10#.Calais Harbour;
which the Lord Admiral perceiving,
he dispatch’d Mr. Amias Preston, one
of his Lieutenants, into his Long-Boat, with
Mr. Thomas Gerrard, Mr. William Hervey,
and others, to take her; she did not however
surrender ’till after a sharp and doubtful Dispute,
wherein Hugo de Moncada was killed,
by a Shot in the Head; and the Soldiers and
Rowers to the number of four hundred, either
drowned or put to the Sword: [#]The Ship
and Guns, after the English had freed three
hundred Galley-Slaves which were on board,
.bn p018a.png
.pn +1
and taken out fifty thousand Ducats of Gold,
of the King of Spain’s Money, fell, as a
Wreck to Monsieur Gourden, Governor of
Calais[#].
[#]In the taking of this Galleass, Mr. Gerard
and Mr. Harvey signalized themselves;
for they entered it only with their Swords; a
thing then commonly spoken of with Admiration,
the like having never been hazarded before,
considering the Height of this Galleass
compar’d to a Ship’s Boat.
[#]The rest of the Spaniards in the mean
time, managed their Fleet as well as they could,
and stood over against Graveling, where the
English once more getting the Weather-Gage
of them, deprived them of the Conveniency of
Calais-Road, and kept them from receiving any
Supplies from Dunkirk.
[#]Whilst the Lord Admiral was employed
in taking the forementioned Galleass, Sir Francis
Drake in the Revenge, with Mr. Thomas
Fennar in the Nonpareil, and the rest of his
Squadron, warmly engaged the Spanish Fleet;
soon after Sir John Hawkins in the Victory,
accompanied with Mr. Edward Fenton in the
Mary Rose, Sir George Beeston in the Dreadnought,
Mr. Richard Hawkins in the Swallow,
and the rest of that Squadron; together with
Sir Robert Southwell in the Elizabeth-Jonas,
and Mr. Robert Cross in the Hope; bearing up
with the Middle of the Spanish Fleet, there
continued all that Forenoon a furious Engagement,
wherein Sir George Beeston behaved himself
very valiantly; they were in the mean
time seconded by the Lord Admiral, the Lord
Thomas Howard, and the Lord Sheffield, who
also acquitted themselves very bravely: Astern
of these a great Galleon was attack’d by the
Earl of Cumberland and Mr. George Ryman in
the Bonaventure, and was likewise battered by
the Lord Henry Seymour in the Rainbow, and
Sir William Winter in the Vanguard; and
tho’ she then recovered the Fleet, yet she sunk
the Night following.
[#]On the other hand, the Duke of Medina,
with the rest of the Spanish Captains, as Leva,
Oquendo, Recalde, &c. having with much ado
got clear of the Shallows, were forced to stand
the Brunt of the English Fire, ’till they were
miserably torn, and in several Places shot
through; [#]and a great Galleon of Biscay, of
.bn p018b.png
.pn +1
five hundred Tuns, with two Saicks, were sunk.
The Galleon St. Matthew, of eight hundred
Tuns, commanded by Don Diego de Piementelli,
coming to the Assistance of Don Francisco
de Toledo, in the St. Philip, another Galleon
of seven hundred Tuns, they were both
miserably shattered by the Lord Henry Seymour
and Sir William Winter; [#]and being driven
on the Coast of Ostend, were likewise there
roughly handled by the Zealanders; but Piementelli
refusing to leave his Ship, (though the
Duke of Medina sent him his own,) did all he
could to disengage himself; and therefore making
towards the Coast of Flanders, he was
there again attacked by five Dutch Men of
War, and forc’d at last to strike to Peter
Dousa[#], one of the Dutch Captains, who carried
him into Zealand and, for a Trophy of
his Victory, hung his Flag in the Church of
Leyden, which reach’d from the top of it to
the bottom; [#]during which, a Castilian Ship
of four hundred Tuns, was cast away on the
Flemish Coast. The St. Philip, after having
been driven almost as far as Ostend, where her
Commander left her because she proved extremely
leaky, was seized by some Ships of
Flushing.
Thus did the Fight continue for the best
part of this whole Day; during which the Spanish
Fleet was closely pursued, extremely battered,
and reduced to the utmost Distress[#].
The English Commanders in general, shewed
on all Occasions great Resolution and Bravery;
and in this last Action, the Earl of Cumberland,
the Lords Henry Seymour, Thomas Howard,
and Edmund Sheffield; Sir William Winter,
Sir Robert Southwell, Sir George Beeston,
Sir John Hawkins; and the Captains Edward
Fenton, Richard Hawkins, George Ryman, and
[#]Robert Cross signalized themselves in a remarkable
manner; the latter, in particular,
sunk the great Galleon of Biscay above mentioned,
and two other Vessels. As for the
Spaniards, though some of them performed
their Duty, and fought with great Bravery,
yet, in general, they acted but faintly, and
stood for the most part only upon the defensive,
especially after they saw themselves disappointed
of the Duke of Parma’s Assistance.
“The Duke of Medina, we are told[#], to his
Dishonour, was lodged in the Bottom of his
.bn p019a.png
.pn +1
Ship for his Safety, and the rest of the
Commanders would never turn their Ships,
nor stop them, to defend any of their own
Friends that were forced to tarry behind,
but suffered divers to perish; and so fearful
was the Admiral, that if the English had
offered to board the Spanish Ships, it was
thought they would have yielded without
making any Resistance.” [#]In this last Engagement
the Spaniards lost five thousand
Men, a thousand whereof were drowned[#];
and the next Day two Venetian Ships sunk,
having eight hundred and forty three Men on
board, which all perished.
[#]After this Fight there remained of the
whole Spanish; Fleet but one hundred and ten,
or one hundred and twelve Ships, and those
extremely battered and shot through, and having
their Rigging much damaged with the
Shot.
[#]The next Day, July 30, the Lord Admiral
ordered the Lord Henry Seymour, and
Sir William Winter to return back with their
Squadron into the narrow Seas, to guard the
Coasts; as for himself, he resolved to follow
the Spanish Fleet, ’till they came as far Northward
as the Forth in Scotland, if they bent
their Course that way; and, in the mean time,
he thought it best not to attack them any
more, ’till he saw what they proposed to do:
However, being persuaded that they intended
to put into the Firth of Forth, his Lordship
had devised Stratagems, and taken Measures to
make an utter End of them there.
[#]July 31. This Day the Spaniards would
fain have retreated, early in the Morning, thro’
the Streights of Dover; but the Wind coming
up with hard Gales at North West, forced
them towards the Coast of Zealand; the English
then gave over the Chace, because they
perceived them hastening fast enough to their
own Destruction; for with the Wind at West
North-West, they could not fail of being driven
among the Shallows and Sands of that Coast:
But the Wind soon happening to come about
to the South-West and by West, the Spaniards
tacked, and sailing before the Wind, got out of
Danger. In the Evening, they held a Council
of War, wherein it was unanimously resolved[#],
That seeing they were in want of many Necessaries,
especially of Cannon-Ball, that the
Ships were very much shattered, their Anchors
left in Calais-Road, their Provisions short, their
Water spent, a great number of their Soldiers
.bn p019b.png
.pn +1
slain, many of their Men sick and wounded,
and that there was no hopes of the Duke of
Parma’s coming out to join them, they should
return to Spain, by the North of Scotland.
Pursuant to this Resolution, being now out of
Danger, and in the main Ocean, and having
thrown all their Horses and Mules over board
#General Chart:chart-00#.to save Water,
they steer’d Northward,
and the English renew’d the
Chace after them; now and then the Spanish
Ships slacken’d their Sails, and seem’d to stay
for the coming up of the English, so that it
was generally thought their Fleet would tack
about, but they thought best, after all, to keep
on their Course Northward.
.tb
Here it will not be improper to leave them
for a while, and see what was doing in the
mean time in England[#].
The
.if h
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.if-
.if t
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.if-
of August Queen Elizabeth was
pleased, in order both to comfort her People,
and to shew her own Magnanimity, to come
and view her Army and Camp at Tilbury;
the next Morning after her Arrival, she rode
with a General’s Truncheon in her Hand,
thro’ all the Ranks of the Army, like armed
Pallas, attended by the Earls of Leicester and
Essex, Henry Norris, Lord Marshall, and others;
having the Sword carried before her by
the Earl of Ormond; and among other kind
and obliging Discourses, made the following
most excellent Speech to her Army[#]:
.pm letter-start
.ti +6
My loving People,
.dc 0.05 0.7
WE have been persuaded by some that are
careful of our Safety, to take heed how
we commit ourselves to armed Multitudes; but
I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust
my faithful and loving People. Let Tyrants
fear; I have always so behaved myself, that under
God I have placed my chiefest Strength
and Safeguard in the loyal Hearts and Good-Will
of my Subjects; and therefore I am come
amongst you, as you see at this time, not for
my Recreation and Disport, but being resolved,
in the Midst and Heat of the Battle, to live
or die amongst you all; to lay down for my
God, and for my Kingdom, and for my People,
my Honour and my Blood, even in the
Dust. I know I have the Body but of a weak
and feeble Woman, but I have the Heart and
Stomach of a King, and of a King of England
too; and think foul Scorn that Parma or
Spain, or any Prince of Europe, should dare
.bn p020a.png
.pn +1
to invade the Borders of my Realm; to which,
rather than any Dishonour shall grow by me,
I myself will take up Arms, I myself will be
your General, Judge, and Rewarder of every
one of your Virtues in the Field. I know already
for your Forwardness, you have deserved
Rewards and Crowns; and we do assure you, in
the Word of a Prince, they shall be duly paid
you. In the mean time, my Lieutenant-General
shall be in my stead, than whom never
Prince commanded a more noble or worthy Subject;
not doubting but by your Obedience to my
General, by your Concord in the Camp, and
your Valour in the Field, we shall shortly have
a famous Victory over those Enemies of my
God, of my Kingdoms, and of my People.
.pm letter-end
[#]It is scarce to be conceived what a Spirit
of Bravery this great Queen’s Presence and noble
Behaviour infus’d into the Officers and
Soldiers: [#]They saluted her with Cries, with
Shouts, with all Tokens of Love, of Obedience,
and of Readiness to fight for her; they
praised her stately Person and princely Behaviour,
prayed for her Life and Happiness, and
cursed all her Enemies, both Traitors and Papists,
with earnest Desire to venture their Lives
for her Safety: [#]One who was an Eye Witness
relates moreover, that “the whole Armie
in every Quarter, did devoutely, at certaine
Times, sing in her hearing, in a very tunable
manner, divers Psalmes put into Forme
of Prayers in Praise of Almighty God,
which she greatly commended, and with
very earnest Speech thanked God with
them[#].”
Next, if we look into Flanders, we shall
find, [#]that on the
.if h
29^{th}
.if-
.if t
29th
.if-
of July, the Duke of
Parma having paid his Addresses to our Lady
of Halle, came to Dunkirk, tho’ something
of the latest; for which Reason the Spaniards
received him in a very reproachful manner;
as if, out of some By-Regards to Queen Elizabeth,
he had designedly slipt so fair an Opportunity
of doing Wonders for the Service of
.bn p020b.png
.pn +1
his Country. The Duke, to appease this
Storm, punish’d those who had the Charge of
Victualling his Fleet; but, however, he did
not attempt to put to Sea, being still block’d
up by the Lord Henry Seymour’s and Sir William
Winter’s Squadron, which were returned
from the Chace. In the mean time, he could
not but secretly laugh at the saucy and insolent
Brags of the Spaniards, whom he had
heard talking at this vain rate, “That where ever
they turn’d their Sails, a most certain
Victory waited upon their Course, and that
the English would not have Courage enough
to look them in the Face.”
.tb
To return now to the two Fleets. We left
the Spaniards sailing Northward, and the English
in Pursuit of them: [#]When the latter
were come to fifty five Degrees thirteen Minutes
North Latitude, and thirty Leagues East
of Newcastle, the Lord High Admiral determined
to attack the Spanish Fleet again on the
Friday following, August 2, but he thought
fit to alter his Resolution, chiefly upon these
two Accounts: Because he plainly perceived
by the Enemies Course, that they had no other
Intention but to save themselves, by sailing
North, round the British Islands; and, because
several of his Ships wanted Victuals and
other Necessaries; which was not so much
owing to any Neglect, as to the Victuallers
not knowing where to send to the Fleet; for
the Queen had most amply and carefully provided
whatever was convenient and necessary.
It was therefore concluded, to leave the Spanish
Fleet to pursue their Course, and to sail
for the Firth of Forth; both to get Refreshment,
and to perform some other Business
which the Lord Admiral thought necessary to
be done; but the Wind coming contrary, that
is Westerly, the next Day his Lordship altered
his Course, and sending only some Advice-Boats
to observe the Enemies farther Motion,
he returned with the whole Fleet back to
England, where they arrived, some at Yarmouth,
.bn p021a.png
.pn +1
some at Harwich, and others at the
Downs, about the
.if h
7^{th}
.if-
.if t
7th
.if-
of August.
The Spaniards being now got clear of their
troublesome Pursuers, resolv’d to make the best
of their way for Spain. [#]Some Suspicions
there were, that they design’d to betake themselves
to the King of Scots, who was provok’d
to an high degree for his Mother’s Death; and
therefore, the better to keep him in Temper,
Ashby, the Queen of England’s Ambassador
in Scotland, made him very considerable Offers,
which, however, were not performed:
But the Spaniards having now laid aside all
Thoughts and Hopes of returning to attack
the English; and perceiving their main Safety
lay in their Flight, they made no Stop at any
Port whatever. [#]About twenty five Ships
now remain’d with the Duke of Medina, and
forty with Recalde; [#]these, with the rest of
the Fleet, sail’d about Cathness for the Coast
of Ireland, and pass’d between the Orcades
and Fair-Isle, to the sixty first Degree of
North Latitude; [#]an unaccustom’d Place for
the young Gallants of Spain, that had never
felt Storms on the Sea, or cold Weather in
August.
[#]When the English left off pursuing the
Spaniards, the latter wanted of their whole
Fleet fifteen or sixteen Ships; and had lost, in
the several Engagements, and by Sickness, eight
thousand Men at least.
And here their ill Fortune did not stop, but
continued to persecute them all the rest of
their Voyage; [#]for on the Coast of Scotland
they lost the two following Ships, which had
been so extremely battered by the English Shot,
that they founder’d at Sea; namely, the St.
Matthew, a Ship of five hundred Tuns, in
which four hundred and fifty Men were drowned;
and a Biscainer of St. Sebastian’s, of four
hundred Tuns, in which three hundred and
fifty Men perished: [#]Moreover, in these or
other Ships, above seven hundred Soldiers were
cast on Shore in Scotland, who, by the Duke
of Parma’s Mediation with the King of Scots,
and with Queen Elizabeth’s Permission, were
sent over, a Year after, into the Low-Countries.
[#]About four Days after the English Fleet
left the Spaniards, they came to an Island in
the North Part of Scotland, where they staid
not, nor had any Relief: And at this Place
the Duke of Medina calling all the Ships together,
.bn p021b.png
.pn +1
charged them to make the best of their
way for the Coasts of Spain or Portugal, because
they were in the utmost Distress for want
of Victuals and other Provisions.
[#]For an Addition to their Misfortunes, about
the
.if h
23^d
.if-
.if t
23d
.if-
of August, when there were seventy
eight Ships of them together sailing in
the Ocean, a violent Storm arose at South-South-West,
which continued from Four o’
Clock in the Afternoon ’till Ten the next
Morning, and separated them so, that not above
twenty seven of them were to be seen together:
And again, on the
.if h
2^d
.if-
.if t
2d
.if-
of September,
they had another violent Storm, with a Mist,
which so dispersed them, that of the foresaid
twenty seven, only three came together into
Dingle-Bay; [#]and during their Passage round
the North of Scotland, they had so terrible a
Sickness, that their Mariners and Soldiers died
daily in great Multitudes.
As for the Particulars of the Ships sunk,
and Men drowned, killed, and taken upon the
Coast of Ireland, during the Month of September,
they were as follows[#]:
.sp 2
.ta h:15 h:15 h:15 r:6
| | | Men.
In Tirconnel, | in Loughfoyle | 1 Ship | 1100 and others that escaped.
| {in Slego-Haven | 3 great Ships | 1500
| {in Tirawley | 1 Ship | 400
| {in Clare-Island| 1 | 300
In Connaught, | {in Finglasse |1 | 400
| {in O’sla’rtie | 1 | 200
| {in Irrise | 2 Ships, | the Men escaped into other Vessels.
| {in Gallway-Bay | 1 Ship | 70
| {in the Shannon | 2 Ships | 600
| {in the same | 1 Ship burnt, | the Men embarked in another Ship.
In Munster, | {in Traylie, Sept. 7.| 1 Ship | 24
| {in Dingle | 1 | 500
| {in Desmond, Sept. 10. | 1 | 300
_
| | In all 17 Ships. | Men 5394
_
.ta-
.sp 2
[#]Besides which, Our Lady of the Rosary,
the Admiral Ship of the Guypuscoan Squadron,
of near a thousand Tuns, and thirty Guns,
that had fifty Brass Field-Pieces on board, was
lost upon the Rocks in Bleskey-Sound; so that
of five hundred Men, only one escap’d; and
in this perished the Prince of Ascula, a natural
Son of King Philip, Mighel de Oquendo the
Captain, and several other considerable and eminent
Persons.
According to other Accounts[#], nine Spanish
.bn p022a.png
.pn +1
Ships were driven ashore between the Rivers of
Lough-Foile and Lough-Swilley, many whereof
were broken to Pieces, and the Spaniards forced
to shelter among the wild Irish.
[#]As for such of the Spaniards as had the
ill Fortune to be drove upon the Irish Shore,
they met with the most barbarous Treatment;
for some of them were butcher’d by the wild
Irish, and the rest put to the Sword by the
Lord Deputy Sir William Fitz-Williams, who
fearing they might join with the Irish Malecontents,
and observing that Bingham, Governor of
Connaught treated them with more Gentleness
than he had several times ordered him
to do; upon their Surrender, he dispatched
Fowle, Deputy Marshal, to execute his Orders;
who first dislodg’d them from the Places
where they lay conceal’d, and then executed
about two hundred of them: But this Rigour
the Queen condemn’d, and complain’d of as
too extreme: However, the rest being terrified
by this way of proceeding, tho’ they were sick
and half famish’d, yet chose to trust themselves
to their shatter’d Barks, and the Mercy of the
Seas; and so became many of them a Sacrifice
to the Waves. The Duke of Medina, with
twenty or twenty five Ships, keeping in the
Ocean, return’d to Spain.
[#]About forty of the Spanish Ships fell in
with the Irish Coast, and intended to touch at
Cape Clear, in hopes of meeting there with
some Refreshment; but the Wind proving contrary,
and the Weather tempestuous, many of
them perish’d on that Coast; [#]of those that
got off, some were driven by a strong West
Wind into the English Channel, where part
of them were attack’d again and taken by the
English, others by the Rochellers, and some
arriv’d at Newhaven (or Havre de Grace) in
Normandy.
Such were the Spaniards Losses of Men and
Ships, in their return round Ireland.
The Losses they had suffered before, were
thus:
.ta r:10 h:25 r:6 r:6
| |Loss of Ships. | Men.
July 21. | The Spanish Vice-Admiral\
Ship disabled at the first Engagement near Eddystone, | 1 |40
| D. Pedro de Valdez’s Gall. taken | 1 | 422
| Oquendo’s Ship, St. Anne, burnt | 1 | 289
July 23. | A great Venetian Ship,\
and other smaller ones,} taken | 1 |
|The chief Galleass, taken | 1 | 686
|A great Galleon, sunk | 1 |
|A Galleon of Biscay sunk | 1 |
|Two Saicks sunk | 2 |
|The Galleon, St. Matth. taken | 1 | 397
|The Galleon St. Philip taken | 1 | 532
|both by the Flushingers. | |
|A Castilian Ship wreck’d| 1 |
30. | Two Venetian Ships sunk | 2 | 843
Aug. | The St. Matthew sunk | 1 | 450
| A Biscayner sunk | 1 | 350
| both on the Coast of Scotland. | |
| Two lost upon the Coast of Norway, | 2 |
_
|| Total of Ships 18 | Men 8000 at least.
_
.ta-
.sp 2
So that by adding their several Losses together,
it plainly appears, they lost THIRTY
FIVE Ships, and above THIRTEEN THOUSAND
Men; besides many others of which no Estimate
was or could be made[#]; and above two
thousand Prisoners were taken in the Fight in
Ireland, and the Low-Countries: Those taken
in Ireland were brought to England[#], and
confined in Bridewell ’till they were ransomed.
The most eminent of the Prisoners were, Don
Pedro de Valdez, Don Vasquez de Silvea,
Don Alonzo de Sayes, and others taken in the
Channel; in Ireland, Don Alonzo de Luzon,
Roderigo de Lasso, &c. in Zealand, Don Diego
Piementelli, &c. In a Word, there was
hardly a noble Family in all Spain, that did
not lose a Son, a Brother, or a Kinsman; upon
which account the Mourning was so universal
in that whole Kingdom, [#]that King Philip
was obliged by Proclamation to shorten the usual
Time; as the Romans of old, upon their
great Defeat of Cannæ, found it necessary to
limit the publick Mourning to thirty Days.
[#]The shatter’d Remains of the Spanish Fleet
after having weather’d many Storms, and suffered
all the Inconveniences of War and Weather,
arriv’d at last, about the End of September,
at St. Andero, and other Ports of Spain,
laden with nothing but Shame and Dishonour.
The Duke of Medina was forbid the Court,
and ordered to go and live privately; Martinez
de Recalde died immediately after his Return;
.bn p023a.png
.pn +1
and two of their Ships were accidentally
burnt in the Harbour not long after their Arrival.
Surely such a Series of ill Success was
hardly ever known in any other Age or Nation.
As for the English they lost only Captain
Coxe’s Ship abovementioned, and not more than
one hundred Men.
.tb
Such was the End of the formidable Spanish
Armada, that had been three Years fitting out
at a vast Expence; and which in less than
three Months was shamefully beaten, and put
to a most ignominious Flight, [#]without taking
at the same time, in several Engagements, and
in many Days Fight, any English Ship or Boat,
or making one Prisoner; not having so much
as fired a Cottage at Land, or taken a Cock-Boat
of ours at Sea, as the Lord Bacon observes[#],
it wandered through the Wilderness
of the Northern Seas; and, according to the
Curse in Scripture, Came out against us one
way, and fled before us seven ways. Well
might the Spaniards marvel at this, and be
heartily vexed, as one of their Friends observes
they did; [#]so as some of them to say in their
Anguish of Heart, “That in all these Fights,
Christ shewed himself a Lutheran! Surely
it is most manifest, as he goes on, That in
all this Voiage, from the Armada’s coming
out of Lisbon, even to the very last, God
shewed no Favour to the Spaniards any one
Day, as he did continually to the English.”
For this signal Deliverance, the Thanks of
all true Lovers of their Country, and of the
Protestant Religion, are due to that Almighty
Being, by whose Assistance their Ancestors obtained
the Victory; and it ought at the same
time, to make them love and reverence the Memory
of that wise and excellent Queen, by
whose Prudence and good Management they
were enabled to conquer.
[#]Upon the first News of this wonderful Deliverance
and Victory, the Kingdom was filled
with Joy, and a Sense of Gratitude to God.
The first Notice given of it in publick, was
on the
.if h
20^{th}
.if-
.if t
20th
.if-
of August, when Nowel Dean of
St. Paul’s preached at the Cross a Thanksgiving
Sermon before the Lord-Mayor, Aldermen,
and the Companies in their best Liveries. Again
September the
.if h
8^{th}
.if-
.if t
8th
.if-
being another and chief
Thanksgiving Day, the Preacher at St. Paul’s
Cross moved the People to give Thanks for
.bn p023b.png
.pn +1
their Enemies Overthrow; and at the same
time were set upon the lower Battlements of
the Church, eleven Ensigns or Banners taken
from the Spanish Fleet; one Streamer in particular,
on which was represented the Virgin
Mary with her Son in her Arms, was held in
a Man’s Hand over the Pulpit: These Banners
were afterwards carried to the Cross in Cheapside[#];
and the next Day, September 9, were
hanged on London-Bridge towards Southwark,
where the Fair was kept. The
.if h
17^{th}
.if-
.if t
17th
.if-
of November,
being Sunday, was another Rejoicing-Day,
as well upon account of the Queen’s
Accession to the Throne, as for this Victory.
Her Majesty intended to have been at Paul’s
Cross, to hear a Sermon preach’d by Dr. Cooper
Bishop of Winchester, and Provision had
accordingly been made for her Reception; but
upon some Occasion or other, her coming was
put off ’till the Sunday following: The
.if h
19^{th}
.if-
.if t
19th
.if-
being Tuesday was a general Thanksgiving-Day
throughout the whole Kingdom. The next
Sunday, November 24, the Queen, attended
by her Privy Council, by the Nobility, and
other honourable Persons, as well Spiritual as
Temporal, in great number, the French Ambassador,
the Judges, the Heralds, and Trumpeters
all on Horseback, came in a Chariot
supported by four Pillars, and drawn by two
white Horses, to St. Paul’s Church; where alighting
at the West Door, she fell on her
Knees, and audibly praised God for her own
and the Nation’s signal Deliverance; and, after
a Sermon suitable to the Occasion, preached
by Dr. Pierce, Bishop of Sarum, she exhorted
the People in a most Royal and Christian manner,
to a due Performance of the religious Duty
of Thanksgiving; then going to the Bishop of
London’s Palace, where she dined, she returned
in the same Order as before, by Torch-light,
to Somerset-House.
Those brave Men that had ventur’d their
Lives in the Defence of their Country, were
considered and rewarded by the Queen. [#]She
settled a Pension on the Lord High-Admiral
for his great Service, and bestow’d a handsome
yearly Allowance on the poor and disabled
Seamen; and upon all Occasions she distinguish’d
the rest of the Officers, Soldiers, and
Sailors with particular Marks of her Regard
and Esteem; but their Rewards consisted generally
more in Words than in Deeds.
.bn p024a.png
.pn +1
.sp 2
.h3
A short Explanation and Account\
of what is contained in each of the ten\
Tapestry-Plates, and the ten Charts.
.sp 2
.in 2
.ti -2
The #first Plate:plate-01# of the Tapestry and #Chart I:chart-1-2#. represent the Spanish
Fleet coming up the Channel, opposite to the Lizard, as it was
first discovered. See Account of the Spanish Invasion, p. 12, 13.
.ti -2
#Plate II:plate-02#. and #Chart II:chart-1-2#. The Spanish Fleet against Fowey, drawn up
in the Form of a Half Moon, and the English Fleet pursuing them.
Account, &c. p. 13.
.ti -2
#Plate III:plate-03#. and #Chart III:chart-3-4#. At the left Hand Corner is represented the
first Engagement between the Spanish and English Fleets: After
which the English give Chace to the Spaniards, who draw themselves
up into a Roundel. Account, &c. ibid.
.ti -2
#Plate IV:plate-04#. and #Chart IV:chart-3-4#. De Valdez’s Galleon springs her Foremast,
and is taken by Sir Francis Drake. The Lord-Admiral with the
Bear and Mary Rose, pursue the Enemy, who are in the Form of
a Half Moon. Account, &c. p. 13, 14.
.ti -2
#Plate V:plate-05#. and #Chart V:chart-5-6#. The Admiral of the Guypuscoan Squadron
being set on Fire, is taken by the English. The rest of the Spanish
Fleet continue their Course in the Form of a Half Moon:
And when both Fleets were against the Isle of Portland, they
come to an Engagement. Account, &c. p. 14.
.ti -2
#Plate VI:plate-06#. and #Chart VI:chart-5-6#. Some English Ships attack the Spanish
Fleet to the Westward. The Spaniards draw themselves into a
Roundel: And afterwards keeping on their Course, are followed
by the English. Account, &c. p. 14, 15.
.ti -2
#Plate VII:plate-07#. and #Chart VII:chart-7-8#. Represent the sharpest Engagement that
happen’d between the two Fleets, on July 25, against the Isle of
Wight. Account, &c. p. 15.
.ti -2
In #Plate VIII:plate-08#. and #Chart VIII:chart-7-8#. the Spanish Fleet is seen sailing up
the Channel, intending to stop at Dunkirk or Calais, where they
were to be join’d by the Duke of Parma: The English follow
them close. Account, &c. p. 16.
.ti -2
#Plate IX:plate-09#. and #Chart IX:chart-9-10#. The Spaniards come to an Anchor before
Calais, from whence they are dislodg’d by the Fireships sent amongst
them in the Night: The English prepare to pursue them.
Account, &c. p. 16, 17.
.ti -2
#Plate X:plate-10#. and #Chart X:chart-9-10#. The Spaniards make the best of their way
for the Northern Seas; and are, in the mean time, very much
battered by the English, who closely pursue them. The chief
Galleass is stranded near Calais. Account, &c. p. 17, 18, 19.
.in 0
.bn p024b.png
.pn +1
The Reader is desired to observe, that the Border in Plate
#II:plate-02#, #IV:plate-04#, #VI:plate-06#, #VIII:plate-08#,
#X:plate-10#, is an exact Representation of the Border to the
Tapestry-Hangings,
which is ornamented with the Portraits of the principal Commanders; and
is the same in all the Pieces of the Tapestry; only the Heads are
differently placed. But for more Variety, and in order to bring in the
Heads of Sir Robert Carey, the Earl of Northumberland, Sir
Roger Townshend, and Sir Thomas Gerard, another Border has
been contrived, being that which is round Plate #I:plate-01#,
#III:plate-03#, #V:plate-05#, #VII:plate-07#, #IX:plate-09#.
We are inform’d by Joachim de Sandrart[#], that the Designs of
the Tapestry were made by Henry Cornelius Vroom, a famous Painter
of Harlem, eminent for his great Skill in drawing all Sorts of Shipping;
and that it was Wove by Francis Spiring.
.sp 2
.h3
Explanation of the Medals and other Ornaments round the Charts.
.sp 2
.in 2
.ti -2
Gen. Chart. On the left Side Britannia is represented darting Thunder
and Lightning, upon Envy, Superstition, and the Kingdom
of Spain, delineated by those of Castile and Leon, which lye
groveling below: On the other Side, True Religion, represented
by a Woman sitting, and holding a Bible in one Hand, thunders
down upon Hypocrisy, Ignorance, and Popery: The Medal
at the Top has, on one Side, the Spanish Fleet in a Storm, and this
Inscription, FLAVIT · יְהֹוָה · ET · DISSIPATI · SVNT·
1588. The Lord blew, and they were dispers’d. On the Reverse is
represented a Church founded upon a Rock, (meaning the Protestant
Religion,) which the Waves beat against, and the Heavens seem
to frown upon; the Inscription is ALLIDOR · NON · LÆDOR,
I am beat (by the Waves) but not hurt. That at the
Bottom, which is of Silver, and in the Collection of Dr. Mead,
has on one Side, the Pope, Cardinals, and Bishops; the Emperor,
King Philip, and other Princes in their Robes of State, sitting in
Consultation, bound about their Eyes with Fillets, the Ends of
which are sticking up, and the Floor of the Room they are assembled
in all full of Pricks: The Inscription above them, O COECAS ·
HOMINVM · MENTES · O · PECTORA · COECA.
O the blind Understandings of Men! O their blind Hearts!
About the Circle, DVRVM · EST · CONTRA · STIMVLOS ·
CALCITRARE, It is hard to kick against the Pricks:
On the Reverse, A Fleet of Ships dash’d against Rocks, and sinking:
Above, VENI · VIDE· VIVE, 1588. Come, see, live,
1588: TV · DEVS · MAGNVS · ET · MAGNA · FACIS ·
TV · SOLVS · DEVS, Thou, o God, art great, and dost great
things, thou art God alone.
.ti -2
#Chart I. and II.:chart-1-2# Above is a profile Face of Queen Elizabeth (taken
from a Minute of Is. Oliver, in the Collection of Dr. Mead,) before
which sits History with an Olive-Branch, recording her great
.bn p024c.png
.pn +1
Actions; and behind her, Fame sounding her Praises. On each
Side of the Queen are moreover several warlike Instruments taken
out of the Spanish Fleet, and now preserved in the Tower. From
Queen Elizabeth’s Picture hangs the Anchor of Hope, the Arms
of the Admiralty, surrounded by the Winds; and below stands
Neptune, the God of the Sea, in his Chariot, to denote the Queen’s
Dominion of the Narrow Seas. At the Corner of the first Chart
Britannia sitting upon a Rock in the Sea, and looking scornfully
upon the Spanish Fleet, has this very pertinent Motto by her,
.in 8
.nf l
Maturate fugam, &c.
Hence to your Lord my Royal Mandate bear,
The Realms of Ocean, and the Fields of Air,
Are mine, not his.
Virg. Æn. l. I.
.nf-
.in 2
.ti -2
#Chart III. and IV.:chart-3-4# At the Top is a Picture of the Lord High-Admiral,
(taken from an original Painting of Frederico Zucchero, in
Possession of his Grace the Duke of Kent) having on one Side
Prudence, Janus like, with a double Face; and on the other,
Courage: Among which are intermix’d several Spanish Weapons,
now in the Tower. The Silver Coin, which was struck on this
glorious Occasion by the Zealanders, has on one side two Ships
engag’d, and under CLASSIS · HISP. Round the Circle,
VENIT · IVIT · FVIT, 1588. The Spanish Fleet came, went,
was, 1588. On the Reverse, the Arms of Zealand, with this
Inscription, SOLI · DEO · GLORIA, Glory to God alone:
Under the Lord-Admiral, Victory fitting, holds in her right
Hand a Laurel Crown, and his Lordship’s Arms: In her left, a
Chain, to which are fastened below the Duke of Medina, and the
other chief Spanish Commanders.
.ti -2
#Chart V. and VI.:chart-5-6# At the Top is a Portrait of Sir Francis Drake,
(taken out of Mr. Knapton’s Collection of illustrious Men,) and
adorned on each Side with proper Naval Ornaments. The Coin
at the Top has on one Side the Arms of Zealand crown’d, with
this Inscription, NON · NOBIS · DOMINE · NON · NOBIS,
1588. Not to us, o Lord, not to us: Reverse, The Spanish
Fleet flying, thus circumscribed, SED · NOMINI · TVO ·
DA · GLORIAM, But to thy Name give the Praise: That at
the Bottom represents on one Side Queen Elizabeth, sitting in a
triumphal Chariot, holding in her right Hand a Palm Branch, the
Emblem of Victory; and in her left a Book open, in which is
the Beginning of the Lord’s Prayer in Dutch, and round the Circle,
TANDEM · BONA · CAVSA · TRIVMPHAT,
1588. At last the good Cause triumphs: Upon the Reverse, a Tree
.bn p024d.png
.pn +1
in which is a Nest full of small Birds, that jointly defend themselves
against a Bird of Prey, by whom they are attack’d: At the
Bottom BELLVM · NECESS. A War of Necessity: Round
the Circle, SI · NON · VIRIBVS · AT · CAVSA · POTIORES,
Superior, if not in Strength, yet in the Goodness of our
Cause. At the Bottom of these two Charts is represented Sir
Francis Drake, distributing amongst his Officers and Sailors, the
Money, &c. that was found in a great Galleon brought to Dartmouth,
See Account, &c. p. 13, 14. Others are driving the Prisoners
before them.
.ti -2
#Chart VII. and VIII.:chart-7-8# At the upper Part are the Portraits of Sir
M. Forbisher, and Sir J. Hawkins (taken from Holland’s Herologia
Anglicana) with a naval Crown between them, and other
suitable Decorations. Below them, upon a Columna Rostrata,
(i.e. a Pillar adorned with the Beaks of Ships,) stands Victory,
holding a Shield, upon which are the Names of those brave Persons
that were knighted by the Lord-Admiral, as is represented at
the Bottom. See Account, &c. p. 16. Others are bringing Weapons
out of the Spanish Ships.
.ti -2
#Chart IX. and X.:chart-9-10# At the Top is a curious Portrait of Queen Elizabeth,
(taken from a Gold Alto Relievo, in the Collection of
Dr. Mead,) thundering down upon Philip II. King of Spain,
Pope Sixtus V. (taken from a Copper Medal in the Collection of
Tho. Sadler Esq;) and Alexander Duke of Parma, whom she
holds in Chains. At the two bottom Corners are two Boys weeping,
and pointing at the Spanish Fleet, which is represented as
shipwreck’d, and in the utmost Distress. The Coin at the left
Hand Corner of the Top, was struck by the Zealanders, and exhibits
the Spanish Fleet in a violent Storm, the Sun above, breaking
out of a thick Cloud; the Inscription is, POST · NVBILA ·
PHOEBVS, After cloudy Weather Sun-shine; or, After
a Storm a Calm. On the Coin at the Right Hand, are four Persons
upon their Knees, looking up to Heaven, with this Inscription,
HOMO · PROPONIT · DEVS · DISPONIT, Man
proposeth, God disposeth: The Reverse, which is not copied here,
had this Inscription, HISPANI · FVGIVNT · ET · PEREVNT ·
NEMINE · SEQVENTE.
.in 0
The above Medals, excepting those taken from the Collections
mentioned, are from Histoire Metallique des Pays Bas, par G.
van Loon.
This Account was drawn up by the Rev. Mr. Philip Morant, M.A.
Rector of St. Mary’s, Colchester.
.sp 2
.hr 80%
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.h2
ERRATA.
.sp 2
.ta h:25 h:30
Page 3. Col. 1. Line ult. of Notes, | for Sailor read Sailors.
Ibid. | for Books read Book.
Page 8. Col. 1. Line 54. | for del Barrio 130 read 530.
Ibid. Col. 2. Line 38. | for Rama read Lama.
.ta-
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APPENDIX.
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APPENDIX.
.hr 5%
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.h3
NOTE.
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The Spanish Armada made an effort, July 25, 1588, to land and take
possession of the Isle of Wight, when a spirited engagement took place,
which caused the Spanish admiral to pursue his course to Calais Roads.
The next day the Lord High Admiral of the English fleet called on board
of his own ship, the “Arke-Royal,” and conferred the honor of knighthood
on the Lord Thomas Howard, the Lord Sheffield Roger Townshend, Martin
Frobisher, and John Hawkins, as a reward for their undaunted spirit and
bravery in this great fight at sea, having power from the Queen so to do.
As brief biographical sketches of these important commanders may be
interesting, the following have been taken from various historical,
biographical, and genealogical works:—
.sp 2
.h3
THE LORD HOWARD OF EFFINGHAM.
.sp 2
Charles, second Lord Howard of Effingham,
and Lord High Admiral of England, was son of the
first lord and grandson of Thomas, second Duke
of Norfolk.
He was born 1536, and after much service was
appointed, in 1585, Lord High Admiral of England,
and was chief in command against the Spanish Armada,
in 1588.
As he was a staunch Roman Catholic, history
will forever honor the tremendous efforts made by
him to frustrate the landing of this powerful combination
of land and sea forces, fitted out as it were
under the auspices of the Pope of Rome, and his
loyalty to his Queen and country.
In 1596, he commanded the fleet while the Earl
of Essex commanded the land forces in the expedition
against Cadiz. For this meritorious service
he was created Earl of Nottingham. In 1599, in
anticipation of another invasion by the King of
Spain, he was given the sole command of the army
and navy, with the title of Lieutenant-General of all
England. He commanded the troop that subdued
the Essex rebellion, and under James I. was employed
in several distinguished capacities, and died
December 14, 1624, aged eighty-eight, having some
years before resigned the office of Lord High Admiral,
in the behalf of the favorite Villiers, Earl of
Buckingham, receiving in exchange a pension of
£1,000, and the acquittal of a debt of £1,800 due
the Crown.
.sp 2
.h3
THE LORD THOMAS HOWARD.
.sp 2
The Lord Thomas Howard was a son of the
fourth Duke of Norfolk. His lordship was a distinguished
commander in the memorable engagement
between the English fleet and the Spanish
Armada, in 1588.
In 1591 he had command of a squadron of ships
sent out to attack the Spanish Plate fleet, homeward
bound from America, and distinguished himself,
with Sir Thomas Vasseur, in capturing a part
of this fleet.
He was, in 1596, in the fleet commanded by
Charles Howard, Lord High Admiral of England.
This Thomas Howard led the third squadron, and
it was this fleet which took the town of Cadiz.
The same year, on his return, he was summoned to
Parliament by the title of Lord Howard of Walden.
The next year, to divert the Spaniard from a descent
on Ireland, the Queen sent out a fleet of one
hundred and twenty, divided into three squadrons,
commanded by the Earl of Essex, Lord Thomas
Howard, and Sir Walter Raleigh. On his return
to England, he was installed one of the Knights of
the Garter, May 24, 1597.
In 1601, he was one of the commanders of the
forces to whom the Earl of Essex surrendered, and
on the
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19th
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February following he was one of the
peers that sat on his trial, being then constable
of the Tower. Meeting King James I. at Theobalds,
in May, 1603, he was sworn of the Privy
Council, and July 21st following was advanced to
the Earldom of Suffolk. He was also made a Commissioner
for making Knights of the Bath, also for
executing the office of Earl Marshal of England.
In 1605, being Lord Chamberlain together with
the Lord Mounteagle, the Gunpowder Plot was
discovered. He was elected Chancellor of the University
of Cambridge in 1613, and July 11, 1614,
was constituted Lord High Treasurer of England.
The earl died in London, May 28, 1626.
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.sp 2
.h3
SIR ROGER TOWNSHEND.
.sp 2
Sir Roger Townshend of Raynham, Knight,
was descended, according to Collins and other
learned antiquaries, through a long line of ancestry
from Lodovic or Lewis, a Norman nobleman, who
married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Sir Thomas
de Hauteville or Havile, Lord of Raynham, through
which match the Raynham estate came into the
family and is now the chief seat of the Marquis
Townshend.
This Sir Roger was born about 1550, and was
heir to his great grandfather, Sir Roger Townshend,
Kt., whose will was proved at Norwich, Co.
Norfolk, May 10, 1552. He was a gentleman of
high rank and great worth in his native county
Norfolk, and while Spain was preparing the Invincible
Armada of 1588 to invade England, he manifested
the greatest spirit and energy in fitting out
and manning ships at his own expense to repel the
invaders, going in person in the cause of his country,
and on account of his undaunted spirit and bravery
in the several engagements previous to the
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26th
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of July, he was knighted that day on board the Ark
Royal, by the Admiral Lord Howard of Effingham,
who had power from Queen Elizabeth so to do.
This Sir Roger was in the thickest of the fight and
suffered the loss of many of his men, and we have
evidence from a letter dated at Margate, Kent,
August 10, 1588, in which Lord Howard writes
Burghley “that of all the men brought by Sir Roger
Townshend he has but one left alive.”
He lived but two years afterwards, dying in the
flower of his age at a seat he had purchased of
Thomas Sutton, Esq., at Newington, Co. Middlesex,
and was buried June 30, 1590, in the church of
St. Giles, Cripplegate, London.
.sp 2
.h3
SIR JOHN HAWKINS.
.sp 2
Sir John Hawkins, a seaman of distinguished
ability who flourished during the reign of Elizabeth,
was born at Plymouth about 1520, and his
early life was spent in trading voyages to the south
of Europe and African coast. With the assistance
of several merchants he fitted out a small fleet in
1562, and obtained by force and purchase a cargo
of negroes, which he carried to the Spanish West
India Colonies and there sold them; this we believe
was the first adventure in the African slave trade
made by Englishmen.
He made many voyages of this kind, and was
at last attacked by the Spanish authorities in the
Port of S. Juan de Ulloa, and saved only two of his
ships and returned to England in January, 1568,
after suffering much hardship. This was his last
commercial enterprise.
Hawkins was appointed in 1573 treasurer of the
navy, and in 1588 we find him serving as Rear
Admiral against the Spanish Armada, and for his
great spirit and bravery he was knighted by the
Admiral Charles Lord Howard of Effingham. He
went to intercept the Plate fleet and harrass the
trade of Spain with Frobishers and others in 1590,
but failed in the first object and succeeded in the
second. In 1595, he was sent with Drake to command
an expedition against the Spaniards in the
West Indies; but they failed to agree and soon
after separated. Sir John Hawkins died November
21, 1595, and his colleague, Drake, soon after.
Hawkins founded a hospital at Chatham for poor
and sick seamen. He also sat in Parliament for
Plymouth.
.sp 2
.h3
SIR MARTIN FROBISHER.
.sp 2
Sir Martin Frobisher was born at Doncaster,
Yorkshire, of humble parentage, and brought up to
the sea, and in early life displayed the talents of a
great navigator, and was the first Englishman who
attempted to find a northwest passage to China.
Under the patronage of Ambrose Dudley, Earl of
Warwick, he fitted out two barks of twenty-five
tons, and a pinnace of ten tons, and sailed from
Deptford, January 8, 1576, and on July
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11th
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discovered
Freeseland and the strait which still bears
his name, and after making numerous discoveries
he returned to England, arriving at Harwich 2d
October of the same year. On this voyage he took
possession of the country in Queen Elizabeth’s name
and brought back with him specimens of gold ore.
This circumstance raised prodigious expectations,
and the Queen lent him a ship of two hundred tons
for his next expedition, on which he sailed accompanied
with a party of one hundred and forty persons
(also two barks of thirty tons each) from
Gravesend, May 26, 1577. He made numerous discoveries,
but his instructions were to search for ore,
and being in the Countess of Warwick Island he
took a lading of it and arrived in England the
end of September, 1577, and was most graciously
received by the Queen, who fitted out another fleet
of twelve vessels which sailed from Harwich May
31, 1578, and sighted Freeseland June
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20th,
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and
took possession of the country in the Queen’s name,
calling it West England, and after collecting much
ore sailed for and arrived in England after a stormy
and dangerous passage in the beginning of October.
In 1588 he commanded the Triumph in the engagement
against the Spanish Armada and received the
honor of knighthood for his valor at sea by the
Lord High Admiral, 26 July of the same year. In
1590, he commanded a squadron to the Spanish
Coast, and in 1594 he was sent with four men-of-war
to the assistance of Henry IV. of France,
against a body of leaguers and Spaniards then in
possession of part of Brittany, who had fortified
themselves very strongly at Croyzon near Brest.
Here, in an assault upon that fort, November
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7th
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he was wounded by a ball in the hip, of which he
died soon after he had brought the fleet safely back
to Plymouth, and was buried in that town.
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.h3
SIR WALTER RALEIGH.
.sp 2
Sir Walter Raleigh, a distinguished statesman,
scholar, and warrior, in the reigns of Elizabeth and
James I., was born in 1552, at Budleigh in Devonshire,
and educated at Oriel College, Oxford. At
the age of seventeen he made one of a troop of an
hundred gentlemen volunteers whom Queen Elizabeth
permitted to go to France, under the command
of Henry Champernon, for the service of the
Protestant princes. He next served in the Netherlands;
and, on his return from the Continent, his
half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, having obtained
a grant of lands in North America, he engaged
with a considerable number of gentlemen to
go out to Newfoundland: but the expedition proving
unsuccessful, Sir Walter returned to England,
after being exposed to several dangers, and proceeded
thence to Ireland, where he made his bravery
so conspicuous in quelling the insurgents, that
he was received at court with considerable favor,
and obtained permission and supplies to prosecute
his discoveries in America, which ended in his settling
a colony in that country, called, in honor of
his maiden sovereign, Virginia; and he is said to
have first introduced tobacco and potatoes into
Europe. In the mean time the Queen conferred on
him the distinction of knighthood, and rewarded
him by several lucrative grants, including a large
share of the forfeited Irish estates. When his country’s
safety was threatened by the famous Spanish
Armada, he raised and disciplined the militia of
Cornwall; and afterwards, by joining the fleet with
a squadron of ships belonging to gentlemen volunteers,
assisted in obtaining the signal victory which
it pleased Providence to give to the English over
the Spaniards on that occasion. He was now
made gentleman of the privy chamber; but shortly
after fell into disgrace, and was confined for some
months, partly on account of a tract which he had
published, entitled “the School for Atheists,” which
was unfairly construed by his enemies into a vindication
of atheistical principles; and partly for a
clandestine attachment to one of the Queen’s maids
of honor, the daughter of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton;
which lady, however, he afterwards honorably
married. During his seclusion he planned the discovery
of the extensive country of Guiana, in South
America, in which he took an active part himself,
as soon as he was set at liberty: but the season
being unfavorable, he returned to England, and was
soon after appointed to a command in the important
expedition to Cadiz, of which the success was
in a great measure owing to Sir Walter’s valor and
prudence. This, joined to several other important
services, restored him completely to the favor of
Elizabeth, towards the end of her reign. Her successor,
James, prejudiced against him by Robert
Cecil, disapproving of his martial spirit, and jealous
of his abilities, availed himself of a court conspiracy
against this great man, charging him with
participating in an attempt to place upon the throne
Arabella Stuart, and of carrying on a secret correspondence
with the King of Spain. By the base
subservience of the jury, he was brought in guilty
of high treason, even to the surprise of the Attorney-General
Coke himself, who declared that he had
only charged him with misprision of treason. Raleigh
was reprieved, and committed to the Tower,
where his wife, at her earnest solicitation, was allowed
to reside with him, and where his youngest
son was born. Twelve years was Sir Walter detained
a prisoner in the Tower; during which time,
besides various minor compositions, he wrote his
“History of the World;” a work distinguished for
the richness of its information, the judiciousness of
its reflections, and the vigor of its style. At length
his release was obtained, in 1616, by the advance of
a large sum of money to the new favorite, Villiers;
and, to retrieve his broken fortunes, he planned
another expedition to America. He obtained a
patent under the great seal for making a settlement
in Guiana; but, in order to retain a power
over him, the king did not grant him a pardon for
the sentence passed upon him for his alleged treason.
Having reached the Orinoco, he dispatched
a portion of his force to attack the new Spanish settlement
of St. Thomas, which was captured; but he
had to lament the death of his eldest son, who fell
on that occasion. The expected plunder proved of
little value: and Sir Walter, having in vain tried to
induce his captains to attack other Spanish settlements,
arrived at Plymouth in July, 1618. Being
brought before the court of King’s Bench, his plea of
an implied pardon by his subsequent command, was
overruled; and the doom of death being pronounced
against him, it was carried into execution the following
day, October 28, 1819, in Old Palace Yard.
His behavior at the scaffold was calm, and, after
addressing the people at some length in his own
justification, he received the stroke of death with
perfect composure; remarking to the sheriff, with
a smile, as he felt the edge of the axe, “This is a
sharp medicine, but it is a physician that will cure
all diseases.”
.sp 2
.h3
JOHN PINE.
.sp 2
Very little is known of the parentage of John
Pine, the original engraver and publisher of this
work.
He flourished between the years 1720-1750, and
ranked second to none in his profession. He was
a most intimate friend of Hogarth, who showed his
admiration for him by painting him in the manner
of Rembrandt.
The years of his birth and death are uncertain.
His chief works are the Ceremonies used at the Revival
of the Order of the Bath; a splendid edition
of Horace, illustrated with copies of antiques, bas-reliefs,
gems, and coins: also a print of the House
of Commons.
His engravings of the tapestry hangings of the
House of Lords are sufficient evidence of his ability
as an engraver. These splendid representations of
the engagements between the English fleet and the
Spanish Armada were destroyed by fire when the
Houses of Parliament were burned, Oct. 16, 1834.
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FOOTNOTES.
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.pm fn-start
See Grotii Hist. lib. i. p. 117. Fol.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Vol. I. p. 591, 592.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Strada, Dec. II. l. 9.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Strada, Dec. ii. l. 9.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Vol. II. p. 135.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Mary Queen of Scots, the Day before she suffer’d Death, did
under her own Hand in the French Tongue, declare, “That her
Son James should not inherit England, if he remained a Protestant,
but that the Right of the Kingdom should be translated to Philip
King of Spain.” Rug. Tritonii Vita Vin. Laurei Cardin.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
This Account is according to the Lists below. But it will be
proper to observe, that Authors do very much differ in their Accounts
of this Armada, and the several things belonging to it. According
to Thuanus, it consisted of 150 Ships of all Sorts; 140 says
Grotius; 130 Camden and Strype, 135 Strada; 128 Speed; 150
Hakluyt; 160 others, &c.—Tuns 57868, Spanish Book, Hakluyt,
Purchas.—Cannons 2650, Hakluyt, Thuanus (1600 of Brass, and
1050 of Iron.) 2630, Camden.—Sailor 8450 Spanish Books, 8000
Thuanus, 8350 Camden, 7449 Strada.—Soldiers, 20000 Thuanus
and Stow, 19295 Spanish Book, 19290 Camden, 18857 Strada.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Thuanus, lib. 89.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Discourse of the Armada by D. Archdeacon, being a Translation
of the Spanish Account, Lond. 1588. Lediard’s Naval History,
p. 234, &c.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
According to Strada there were 220 Noblemen and Gentlemen,
354 Voluntiers: Their Servants 624; Priests, Surgeons, and other
Officers, and Servants 669. Decas ii. lib. 9.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Thuanus, lib. 89.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Being the chosen Vessels of all K. Philip’s Dominions, excessive
monstrous, beyond all the Navies that ever had been seen in Christendom.
Letter to B. Mendoza, p. 16.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Discourse of the Armada by D. Archdeacon, Thuanus, Lediard,
Hakluyt, Purchas, &c.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
1200,000, Thuan. 20,200 Harris, 220,000 Speed, 119,000
Spanish Book.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Laquei certe, & plura necis instrumenta, aut servitutis inter
spolia visitata sunt. Grotii Hist. p. 118. See Letter to B. Mendoza,
in the Postscript, p. 37.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Discourse of the Armada, &c. Thuanus, Lediard, &c.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
A Septier is twelve Bushels.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Strype’s Annals, tom. iii. p. 451.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Hakluyt, vol. I. p. 593.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
And, as Thuanus computes it, before it sailed from Lisbon, it
had stood K. Philip in Centies vicies centena millia aureorum, lib. 89.
above two Millions.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Strada, Dec. II. l. 9.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Hakluyt, Speed’s Chron.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Decad. l. II. p. 9.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Thuan. lib. 89. Hakluyt and Purchas.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Stow, p. 746.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Thuan. l. 89.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Welwood’s Memoirs, p. 8, 9.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden, Thuanus, l. 89.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Eo consilio, ut Regina, ob colloquium pacis de defensione secura, facilius
opprimeretur: quam tamen illa minime neglexit. Thuan. l. 89.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Grotius, p. 119. Hakluyt vol. i. p. 595.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Strype’s Annals, tom. iii. p. 516.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Stow Chron. p. 744.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Stow’s Survey, Edit. 1720. B. i. p. 283.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Letter to B. Mendoza, p. 23, 24, &c.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Ibid. p. 6, 7, 8.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Strada, Dec. ii. lib. 9.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden. Rapin, vol. ii. p. 136.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Letter to B. Mendoza, p. 30, 35.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
See his Letter in Rymer’s Fœdera, tom. xvi. p. 18.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.bn p063.png
.pn +1
.pm fn-start
Taken from the Spanish Book printed in 1588. compar’d with Lediard.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
From a MS. in the Royal Library, 14 B XIII.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Strada, Dec. ii. lib. 9.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Hakluyt, Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
MSS. in the Cottonian Library, Jul. F X. 17. fol. III.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden Ann. and Burchett.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Lediard’s Naval Hist. p. 254.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden, Hakluyt, Purchas, Cotton MSS, &c.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
It is called the Disdain in Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Eman. Fremosa’s Examination, printed in 1588. In the following
Engagements they lost twenty five Men more. Ibid.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
A Spanish Officer had quarrel’d with him, and called him
Traytor, imagining he had not done his Duty in the last Engagement.
Strada, Dec, ii. lib. 9.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Purchas, &c.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Some Authors say, there
was a Cessation on both Sides, Camden, &c.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Purchas, Speed, &c.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden, Cotton MSS. Strada.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Purchas, Harris.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden, Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden, Thuanus, Letter to B. Mendoza, p. 28.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Ibid.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Harris.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Eman. Fremosa’s Examination.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden, Thuanus.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
See Strada de Bello Belgico, Dec. ii. lib. 6.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Each of their Ships lost two Anchors here. Em. Fremosa’s
Examinat.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden, Burchett.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Eman. Fremosa’s Examinat.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Thuanus, Lediard.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Letter to B. Mendoza, p. 28.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Hakluyt, Purchas, Harris.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden, Burchett.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Eman. Francisco’s Examinat.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Thuanus, Purchas, Harris.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Purchas and Harris call him Bauderdues.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Em. Fremosa’s and Em. Francisco’s Examinat.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Burchett.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
This worthy Commander, for his gallant Behaviour in this Action,
and afterwards at the Overthrow and Burning of the Spanish Navy
in the Bay of Cadiz 1588, and Taking the Town 1596, when he
was Vice-Admiral, was Knighted, and the following Motto added
to his Arms, se inserit astris.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Letter to B. Mendoza, p. 18.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Em. Fremosa’s Examinat.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
J. Antonio’s Examinat.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Em. Francisco’s and J de le Concedo’s Examinat.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS. Thuanus.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden, Burchett, Strada.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Harris, Lediard.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Speed, p. 862.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cabala, p. 373.
.pm fn-end
.bn p064.png
.pn +1
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Letter to B. Mendoza, p. 22.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Ibid.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
One Night, as the Queen was in the Camp, guarded by her
Army, the Lord Treasurer Burleigh came thither, and delivered to
the Earl of Leicester the Examination of Don Pedro, who was taken
and brought in by Sir Francis Drake; the Sum of which was
this: Don Pedro being asked what was the Intent of their coming,
stoutly answer’d the Lords, What, but to subdue your Nation, and
root it out. Good, said the Lords, and what meant you then to do
with the Catholicks? He answered, We meant to send them (good
Men) directly unto Heaven, as all you that are Hereticks to Hell.
Yea but, said the Lords, What meant you to do with your Whips
of Cord and Wyer? (whereof they had great Store in their Ships,)
What, said he, we meant to whip you Hereticks to Death, that
have assisted my Master’s Rebels, and done such Dishonours to our
Catholick King and People. Yea, but what would you have done
said they, with their young Children. They, said he, which were
above seven Years old should have gone the Way their Fathers
went; the rest should have lived, branded in the Forehead with the
Letter L, for Lutheran, to perpetual Bondage,
Cabala, p. 372. Letter to Mendoza, p. 37.——It was also
published, that the Lords of Spain which were in the Navy, had
made a special Division amongst themselves, of all the Noblemens Houses
in England by their Names, and had in a sort quartered
England among themselves, and had determined of sundry manners of
cruel Death, both of the Nobility and the rest of the People. The
Ladies, Women, and Maidens were also destined to all Villany; the rich
Merchants Houses in London were put into a Register, by their
very Names, and limited to the Companies of the Squadrons of the Navy
for their Spoil. Letter to Mendoza, p. 37.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden, Thuanus.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Cotton MSS.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
J. Antonio’s Examinat.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Harris, &c.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Appendix to Letter to Mendoza, p. 1.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
J. A. de Monoma’s Examinat.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Ibid.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Thuanus.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Eman. Fremosa’s Examinat. and Re-Examinat.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Certain Advertisements out of Ireland, Printed in 1588.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Ibid.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Ibid.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Appendix to Letter to Mendoza, p. 2.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Speed, Harris.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Grotius, Strada.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
This Account is taken from the relation given above, and from
certain Advertisements out of Ireland, and Depositions of Prisoners,
printed in 1588,
with which Strada and the Spanish Writers agree.
But our Historians vary extremely in this, as well as other Particulars:
Hakluyt, vol. i. p. 604. and others, say the Spaniards lost
eighty one Ships out of their hundred and thirty two; and that there
return’d to Spain only one of the Galleasses of Naples, one of the
four Galleons of Portugal, and thirty three of the Galleons and
Hulks from divers Provinces, &c. Stow affirms there return’d to
Spain only threescore Sail; and others say only fifty three. See Purchas,
Thuanus l. lxxxix. Harris, Speed, &c.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Strype’s Annals vol. iii. p. 533. Don Pedro de Valdez, who was
Sir Francis Drake’s Prisoner, remained three or four Years in England,
and paid three thousand five hundred Pounds for his Ransom,
Ibid. p. 532.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Strada, Grotius.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start // 42
See Letter to Mendoza, p. 17.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start // 43
Of a War with Spain.
See his Works, Fol. vol. iii. p. 523, &c.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start // 44
Letter to Mendoza, p. 17.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start // 45
Strype’s Ann. vol. iii. p. 525.
Stow’s Ann.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start // 46
Letter to B. Mendoza, p. 37.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start // 47
Camden.
.pm fn-end
.pm fn-start
Academia Artis Pictoriæ Norwergæ, p. 274.
.pm fn-end
.pb
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.it Transcriber’s Notes:
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.it Missing or obscured punctuation was corrected.
.it Typographical errors were silently corrected.
.it Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a\
predominant form was found in this book.
.if t
.it Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
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