Map II. Kaiser, 1864.
(From Flammarion’s Mars.)
Map III. Résumé by Flammarion, 1876.
(From Flammarion’s Mars.)
Map IV. Green, 1877.
(From Flammarion’s Mars.)
Map V. Schiaparelli, 1877.
(From Schiaparelli’s Memoria.)
Map VI. Schiaparelli, 1879.
(From Schiaparelli’s Memoria.)
Map VII. Schiaparelli, 1881.
(From Schiaparelli’s Memoria.)
Map VIII. Schiaparelli, 1884.
(From Schiaparelli’s Memoria.)
South Polar Cap.
(Lowell Observatory, 1905.)
North Polar Cap.
(Lowell Observatory, 1905.)
South Polar Cap in winter.
Hellas in winter.
White south of Nectar and Solis Lacus.
Northern Cap hooded with vapor.
Northern Cap unmasked.
Deposition of frost.
First northern snow.
White in Elysium.
White in the Pons Hectoris.
Projection on terminator.
Lines in dark area.
Mare Erythræum
Martian date. December 30
Mare Erythræum
Martian date. January 16
(Before = - After = +) |
|||
| February 16 | -10 | December 16 | Blue-green |
| March 20 | +22 | January 1 | Blue-green |
| April 19 | 52 | January 16 | Chocolate |
| April 22 | 55 | January 18 | Chocolate |
| May 26 | 89 | February 4 | Faint chocolate |
| May 30 | 93 | February 6 | Faint chocolate |
| June 30 | 123 | February 22 | Faint blue-green |
| July 7 | 130 | February 25 | Faint blue-green |
(16) |
(1) |
(17) |
(5) |
(24) |
|
| % | % | % | % | % | |
| Northern | 50 | 50 | 0 | 25 | 50 |
| Southern | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 25 |
Mare Erythræum
Martian date. February 1
Solstice of Southern Hemisphere |
|||
| January 25 | 12 | December 27 | Blue-green |
| March 6 | 52 | January 16 | Blue-green |
| April 4 | 81 | January 31 | Chocolate |
| April 12 | 89 | February 4 | Chocolate |
| April 30 | 107 | February 13 | Faint chocolate |
| May 8 | 115 | February 17 | Faint chocolate |
| May 12 | 119 | February 19 | Faint blue-green |
| June 11 | 149 | March 6 | Faint blue-green |
| June 15 | 153 | March 8 | Faint blue-green |
| July 16 | 184 | March 23 | Pale bluish green |
(27) |
(16) |
(2) |
(16) |
(7) |
(23) |
|
| % | % | % | % | % | % | |
| Northern | 50 | 50 | 0 | 10 | 25 | 30 |
| Southern | 50 | 50 | 20 | 20 | 25 | 30 |
Mare Erythræum
Martian date. February 21
Showing the Eumenides-Orcus.
| 0°-10° | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 10°-20° | .97 | .89 | .91 |
| 20°-30° | .91 | .93 | .72 |
| 30°-40° | .82 | .90 | .71 |
| 40°-50° | .71 | .78 | .66 |
| 50°-60° | .58 | .64 | .59 |
| 60°-70° | .42 | .43 | .42 |
| 70°-80° | .26 | .30 | .34 |
| 80°-85° | .07 | .12 | .11 |
Martian doubles.
Martian doubles (corroborating the above).
| Phison | The Eastern | 1894 |
| Euphrates | The Western | 1894 |
| Titan | The Western | 1896 |
| Hiddekel | The Eastern | 1896 |
| Gihon | The Western | 1896 |
| Gigas | The Northwestern | 1896 |
| Djihoun | The Western | 1901 |
| Laestrygon | The Eastern | 1903 |
| Nilokeras I and II | The Northern | 1903 |
| Astaboras | The Southern | 1903 |
| Jamuna | The Eastern | 1905 |
| Ganges | The Western | 1905 |
Mouths of Euphrates and Phison.
June. 1903.
| 1903 | 1905 | |||
| 1. | Phison | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 |
| 2. | Euphrates | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.1 |
| 3. | *Protonilus | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.4 |
| 4. | Deuteronilus | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.3 |
| 5. | Pierius | 2.5 | — | 2.5223 |
| 6. | Callirrhoe | 2.5 | *2.1 | 2.3 |
| 7. | *Hiddekel | 3.8 | 4.9 | 4.3 |
| 8. | *Gihon | 3.9 | 4.9 | 4.4 |
| 9. | Djihoun | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
| 10. | Sitacus | 3.8 | *3.3 | 3.6 |
| 11. | Jamuna | 4.5 | — | 4.5 |
| 12. | Ganges | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.1 |
| 13. | Nilokeras I and II | 11.0 | 11.7 | 11.3 |
| 14. | Nilokeras I | 2.3 | — | 2.3 |
| 15. | Gigas | 3.5 | — | 3.5 |
| 16. | Laestrygon | 2.2 | — | 2.2 |
| 17. | Cerberus N. | 4.0 | — | 4.0 |
| 18. | Cerberus S. | 4.0 | — | 4.0 |
| 19. | Cyclops | 2.9 | *2.2 | 2.6 |
| 20. | Nar | 2.6 | 2.0 | 2.3 |
| 21. | Fretum Anian | 2.8 | — | 2.8 |
| 22. | Aethiops | 3.3 | — | 3.3 |
| 23. | Eunostos | 2.8 | — | 2.8 |
| 24. | Lethes | 2.9 | — | 2.9 |
| 25. | Marsias | 3.2 | — | 3.2 |
| 26. | Hyblaeus | 3.0 | — | 3.0 |
| 27. | Amenthes | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.3 |
| 28. | Thoth | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.5 |
| 29. | Nepenthes | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.5 |
| 30. | Triton | 2.7 | *2.3 | 2.5 |
| 31. | Pyramus | 2.9 | *2.0 | 2.5 |
| 32. | Astaboras S. | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 |
| 33. | Tithonius | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.4 |
| 34. | Vexillum | 3.5 | 2.9 | 3.2 |
| 35. | Tartarus | — | 2.7 | 2.7 |
* Poor.
.. .. .pn 224 .ti 0 Here we have widths ranging from eleven degrees to two. The widths given are those when the canal was at or sufficiently near its full strength, and are measured from the centres of the constituents. We notice two points: the agreement of the same canal with itself and its systematic disagreement with others. But what is especially to the point, if we compare the values found at successive oppositions, we find that for different canals the values agree in their difference. This shows that each of these values is, in most cases if not in all, a norm for that particular canal; a value distinctive of it and to which it either absolutely or relatively conforms. In other words, the width of the gemination is a personal peculiarity of the particular canal, as much an idiosyncrasy of it as its position on the planet. Two general classes may be distinguished; those up to about five degrees in width apart and those above this figure. Whether such very widely separated lines as go to make up the second class, such as the Nilokeras I and II, constitutes a double is a debatable point. Schiaparelli thought they did, and so classed them. To me it did not at first occur so to consider them, and in some instances, such as the Helicon I and II, later observations seem to justify the omission. With the Nilokeras I and II the outcome seems the other way. The reasons for distrust of a physical relation .pn 225 between the constituents is not so much the distance separating them, nor any lack of parallelism, as the self-sufficient manner in which they show alone. Even this, however, tends to be recognized in the narrower pairs as they come to be better seen. It may be that width alone is wholly competent to selective showing. For the farther apart two lines are on the planet, the more opportunity is afforded the air waves to disclose the one without the other, a relative revelation which is constantly happening to detail in different parts of the disk. As long as any doubt exists of a physical community of interest, it seems best to distinguish such possibly merely parallel canals by suffixed numerals. Of this class of doubles is the Nilokeras I and II. So wide is it that Mr. Lampland succeeded in photographing it as such, the two constituents showing well separated, and if it prove a true double it will be the first Martian double to leave its impress on a sensitive plate. Although separated by four hundred miles of territory, the two lines are parallel so far as observation can detect, which, of course, is not so very easy with the lines so far apart. In the country between one crosswise canal certainly lies, the Phryxus, and much shading thus far unaccounted for. Recent discoveries, however, point to the cause of such shading as lines imperfectly seen. For in some cases the lines .pn 226 have actually disclosed themselves, and warrant us in believing that it is only imperfect seeing that keeps the others hid. Of the pair the Nilokeras I is itself double, curiously reproducing what sometimes is seen in the case of double stars, one of whose components turns out to be itself a binary. The second line of the Nilokeras I lies close to its primary on the north, and was on the only occasion of its detection the merest of gossamers, while the Nilokeras I itself stood out strong and dark. Thus do these Martian details increase and multiply in intricacy the better the seeing brings them out. In the case of the other doubles, the doubles proper so to speak, there is every indication of a physical bond between the pair. What that bond may be is another matter and seems to be of different divulging, according to the particular instance. At one end of the subject, both as the widest of these doubles and one of the most important, stands the Ganges. The components of the canal are 5°.1 apart. This great width, joined to the fact of scant extension, gives the canal a stocky aspect, its breadth being but one sixth of its length. Its width draws attention to it while the phenomena it exhibits intrigue curiosity. As early as the first opposition of my observations in 1894, the canal, as it underwent the process of doubling, showed phases of peculiarity. It was first caught by me as a double over toward the terminator, .pn 227 or fading edge of the disk; then as it was brought nearer the centre by the gaining upon the longitudes, showed as a broad swath of shading of a width apparently equal to any it later exhibited. In this appearance it continued for some months, and then in October began to show a clarification toward the centre. Once started, the lightening of its midway advanced till at last, on November 13, it stood out an unmistakable double, the two lines standing where the edges of the swath had previously been. Had the observations here been all that one could wish, the method of gemination would have been certain and of great interest. Unfortunately, the observations left much to be desired, and those repeated in 1896-1897 and 1901 were of like doubtfulness. A period of swarthy confusion preceded the plainly dual state, but whether the double simply clarified or widened as well it was not possible to assure one’s self. That the canal exhibited plainly the effects of seasonal development was as unmistakable as the steps themselves were open to ambiguity. In 1903 the canal was at its minimum and hardly to be made out. It seemed then to show an actual change in width coincident with alteration of visibility. But this, too, could not be predicated with certainty. It was also surmisable that the westernmost line was the one from which the development proceeded. In 1905 much more was made out about it, training .pn 228 in the subject and increased proximity of the planet contributing to the result. It now became clear to me that the canal did develop from the western side; for the western edge made a dark line of definite boundary from which shading proceeded to the eastern side, where it faded almost imperceptibly off with no defined line to mark its limit. That this shading gradually darkened was evident, but that when it could be seen at all it extended to the extreme limit of the eventual double, restricted the character if not the fact of an actual widening. At this opposition, too, the canal passed through its period of minimum visibility and was then seen, whenever it could be caught, as a confused swath of full width. In the case of this canal, then, a widening in the sense of a bodily separation of two lines seems inadmissible. On the other hand, the gradual darkening of the swath, and especially the advance of the darkening from the western side, points to an interesting process there taking place. .if t [Illustration: Peculiar development of the Ganges.] .. .if h .li
Peculiar development of the Ganges.
Djihoun, the narrowest double.
The Sabaeus Sinus, embouchure for the double Hiddekel and Gihon.
| S. & N., Laestrygon, †Fretum Anian, Aethiops, Amenthes, Titan, †Dis, †Is | 7 |
| S. S. E. & N. N. W., †Gihon, Ganges, ‡Tithonius, Euphrates, Adamas | 5 |
| S. E. & N. W., †Eunostos, Triton, Tartarus, Naarmalcha | 4 |
| E. S. E. & W. N. W., †Astaboras, Typhon, †Pierius | 3 |
| E. & W., †Nar, †Protonilus, *Propontis, ‡Nectar, †Cocytus, †Chaos | 6 |
| E. N. E. & W. S. W. †Deuteronilus, †Callirrhoe, †Cerberus N., Cerberus S., †Sitacus, †Erebus | 6 |
| N. E. & S. W., †Djihoun, *Nilokeras I & II, †Avernus, †Nepenthes, Gigas, †Alander, Polyphemus, †Gelbes, †Marsias, †Pyramus, †Nilokeras I, Asopus | 12 |
| N. N. E. & S. S. W., Jamuna, Phison, †Hyblaeus, Cyclops, Lethes, †Thoth, †Vexillum, †Hiddekel | 8 |
| 51 |
* Wide canals.
† Northern hemisphere exclusively.
‡ Southern hemisphere exclusively.
.. .sp 2 .. No conclusively marked preponderance for one direction over another manifests itself by this partitionment. Nevertheless, a certain trend to the east of .pn 235 north, as against the west of north, is discernible. More than twice as many doubles run northeast and southwest or within forty-five degrees of this as do similarly northwest and southeast, there being twelve of the latter and twenty-six of the former. That this seems to mean something the nearly equal pairing of quadrantal points goes to show. Thus:— .if t .li N. & S. and E. & W. inclined canals number 7 + 6 = 13 N. N. E. & S. S. W. and E. S. E. & W. N. W. inclined canals number 8 + 3 = 11 N. E. & S. W. and S. E. & N. W. inclined canals number 12 + 4 = 16 E. N. E. & W. S. W. and N. N. W. & S. S. E. inclined canals number 6 + 5 = 11 -- -- -- 33 18 51 .. .. .if h .li| N. & S. and E. & W. inclined canals number | 7 | + | 6 | = | 13 |
| N. N. E. & S. S. W. and E. S. E. & W. N. W. inclined canals number | 8 | + | 3 | = | 11 |
| N. E. & S. W. and S. E. & N. W. inclined canals number | 12 | + | 4 | = | 16 |
| E. N. E. & W. S. W. and N. N. W. & S. S. E. inclined canals number | 6 | + | 5 | = | 11 |
| 33 | 18 | 51 |
| Double Canals of Mars arranged according to Latitude | At Opposition of 1903 Alone |
At All Oppositions so far observed at Flagstaff |
|
| Between 30° S. and 20° S. | Tithonius, Nectar, Laestrygon | 2 | 3 |
| Between 20° S. and 10° S. | Jamuna, Ganges, Gigas, Laestrygon, Cyclops, Titan, Tartarus, Polyphemus, Tithonius | 7 | 9 |
| Between 10° S. and 0° | Jamuna, Ganges, Gigas, Laestrygon, Cyclops,Cerberus S, Aethiops, Lethes, Amenthes, Triton, Phison, Euphrates, Titan, Tartarus, Adamas, Typhon, Vexillum, Asopus, Naarmalcha, Polyphemus | 15 | 20 |
| Between 0° and 10° N. | Gihon, Djihoun, Jamuna, Ganges, Gigas, Laestrygon, Cerberus N, Cyclops, Cerberus S, Eunostos, Aethiops, Lethes, Amenthes, Triton, Nepenthes, Phison, Euphrates, Sitacus, Hiddekel, Tartarus, Adamas, Asopus, Typhon, Vexillum, Cocytus, Is, Avernus N, Naarmalcha, Polyphemus | 21 | 29 |
| Between 10° N. and 20° N. | Gihon, Djihoun, Jamuna, Nilokeras I and II[4], Nilokeras I, Ganges, Gigas, Eunostos, Aethiops, Lethes, Amenthes, Thoth, Astaboras, Phison, Sitacus, Euphrates, Hiddekel, Adamas, Asopus, Gelbes, Avernus N, Erebus, Naarmalcha, Vexillum, Is, Dis | 18 | 26238 |
| Between 20° N. and 30° N. | Gihon, Djihoun, Jamuna, Nilokeras I & II,[4] Nilokeras I, Alander, Hyblaeus, Lethes, Amenthes, Thoth, Sitacus, Astaboras, Vexillum, Phison, Euphrates, Hiddekel, Adamas, Eunostos, Aethiops, Gelbes, Avernus N, Naarmalcha, Is | 17 | 23 |
| Between 30° N. and 40° N. | Deuteronilus, Alander, Nar, Marsias, Fretum Anian, Amenthes, Thoth, Vexillum, Phison, Euphrates, Hiddekel, Adamas, Eunostos, Djihoun, Gihon, Nilokeras I, Chaos, Gelbes, Aethiops, Naarmalcha | 12 | 20 |
| Between 40° N. and 50° N. | Fretum Anian, Pyramus, Protonilus, Propontis[4] | 3 | 4239 |
| Between 50° N. and 60°&nbpp;N. | Callirrhoe, Fretum Anian, Pierius | 3 | 3 |
| Between 60° N. and 63° N. | Pierius, Callirrhoe | 2 | 2 |
The Propontis, 1905..
Fons Immortalis, June 19.
Ascraeus Lucus and Gigas.—March. 2. 1903.
Peculiar association of the Luci Ismenii with double canals.
Lucus Ismenius. March 1903.
Showing seasonal change.
I.
Showing seasonal change.
II.
| Cartouche. | Character. |
| A horizontal straight line. | Canal invariable. |
| A straight line tilted up on the right. | Canal increasing steadily. |
| A straight line tilted up on the left. | Canal decreasing steadily. |
| A curved line descending, concave from above. | Canal decreasing, but more and more slowly. |
| A curved line ascending, concave from above. | Canal increasing, but more and more rapidly. |
| A curved line descending, convex from above. | Canal decreasing more and more rapidly. |
| A curved line ascending, convex from above. | Canal increasing more and more slowly. |
| 292A curved line first descending, then ascending, concave from above throughout. | Canal decreasing more and more slowly to a minimum, thence increasing more and more rapidly. |
| A curved line first descending, then ascending, convex from above throughout. | Canal increasing more and more slowly to a maximum, thence decreasing more and more rapidly. |
| -30 | 77° | June 9 |
| 0 | 90° | June 22 |
| +30 | 103° | July 6 |
| +60 | 117° | July 20 |
| +90 | 131° | August 4 |
| +120 | 146° | August 20 |
| +150 | 162° | September 5 |
| North Polar | 87° N.-78° N. | 1 |
| Arctic | 78° N.-66° N. | 9 |
| Sub-Arctic | 66° N.-51° N. | 9 |
| North Temperate | 51° N.-37° N. | 11 |
| North Sub-Tropic | 37° N.-24° N. | 18 |
| North Tropic | 24° N.-12° N. | 21 |
| North Equatorial | 12° N.- 0° N. | 14 |
| South Equatorial | 0° N.-12° S. | 17 |
| South Tropic | 12° S.-24° S. | 7 |
| South Sub-Tropic | 24° S.-37° S. | 2 |
MEAN CANAL CARTOUCHES
P.L.
I. February 25.
II. March 30.
III. April 3.
IV. May 4.
V. May 7.
VI. July 18.
| January 21-25 | 12 drawings. |
| February 23-March 2 | 15 drawings. |
| March 28-April 5 | 14 drawings. |
| April 26-May 8 | 27 drawings. |
| June 3-16 | 6 drawings. |
| July 11-21 | 16 drawings. |
| 90 drawings in all. |
BRONTES
Showing Successive Development South
January to July, 1903
P.L.
Amenthes alone in February.
Amenthes feebler and still alone in March.
Appearance of Thoth with Triton and curved Nepenthes. Amenthes vanished. April 20.
Advent of the Lucus Moeris. May 29.
Amenthes with Thoth-Nepenthes. July.
or
Curves of Visibility
of
Amenthes, Thoth and Their Combination.
| Hypanis | January 1 and February 4 | April 18 (?), May 20, 22, 27, June 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 25 |
| Hippalus | January 19 and February 4 | April 18, May 27 |
| Rhombites | February 4 | May 27 |
| Python | February 20 | March 31 |
| Zygatis | January 18, 19 | May 7, June 3 to 8 |
* = Dead Point of Vegetation.
(From paper in Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., by Percival Lowell.)
* = Dead Point of Vegetation.
(From paper in Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., by Percival Lowell.)
..
..
.h2
Transcriber's Notes
.sp 2
Ditto marks have been replaced by the text they represent.
Some presumed printer's errors have been corrected, including normalizing
punctuation. Further corrections are listed below:
.ta lll
Printed text|Corrected text|Page
MITGLIED DER | MITGLIED DER|
ASTRONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT|ASTRONOMISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT|#Title page:astro#
terrrane | terrane | #108:terrane#
seem | seems | #247:seem#
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.if h
.li
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